Civil procedure — Discovery — Documents — Testifying
expert material — Scope of discovery — Testifying expert’s personal notes
prepared for his own use and email communications with non-attorneys, including
other experts, are relevant within meaning of Rule 26(b)(1) and thus subject to
discovery, unless opposing parties can meet their burden of establishing that a
privilege or the work-product doctrine exempts these documents from discovery —
Work product — General work product doctrine of Rule 26(b)(3)(A) dos not cover
a testifying expert — Neither text of Rule nor its structure, history, and
rationale support extending work-product doctrine to all testifying materials
prepared by or for a testifying expert — 2010 Amendment to expert disclosure
requirements of Rule 26(a)(2)(B), which was intended to protect the opinion
work-product of attorneys in context of expert discovery, does not confer
work-product status on notes of a testifying expert or on a testifying expert’s
communications with other experts, to extent that discovery materials at issue
do not contain the core opinion work-product of attorneys — To extent any
attorney core opinion work-product is embedded in the documents at issue, such
portions may be redacted, subject to providing a privilege log and submitting
materials for in camera review if requested by parties and directed by
court

REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, DR. DIEGO GARCIA CARRION, Petitioners-Appellees, v. DR.
ROBERT E. HINCHEE, Respondent-Appellant, CHEVRON CORPORATION,
Intervenor-Appellant. 11th Circuit. Case No. 12-16216. December 18, 2013. Appeal
from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida (No.
4:11-mc-00073 -RH-CAS).

(Before HULL and HILL, Circuit Judges, and PANNELL,* District Judge.)

(HULL, Circuit Judge.) Respondent-Appellant Dr. Robert Hinchee (“Dr.
Hinchee”), who resides in Florida, and Intervenor-Appellant Chevron Corporation
(“Chevron”) appeal the district court’s discovery order compelling production of
Dr. Hinchee’s documents to Petitioner-Appellee, the Republic of Ecuador (“the
Republic”). Dr. Hinchee served as a testifying expert for Chevron in a related
proceeding. Dr. Hinchee’s documents at issue are (1) Dr. Hinchee’s personal
notes for his own use and (2) email communications between Dr. Hinchee and a
group of non-attorneys consisting primarily of other Chevron experts. Dr.
Hinchee and Chevron contend that these documents are shielded from discovery by
the work-product doctrine, relying primarily on Rule 26(b)(3) and the 2010
Amendments to Rule 26(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

This case requires the Court to determine (1) the scope of discovery that can
be obtained from testifying experts under Rule 26 and (2) the impact of the 2010
Amendments to Rule 26 on that discovery. After careful review of the briefs and
with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm the district court’s order
compelling the production of the documents in this case.

A. The Underlying Litigation in Ecuador

The discovery dispute before this Court is only a minor part of a large
international controversy. It began in 1993 when a group of Ecuadorian
plaintiffs filed a class action complaint against a subsidiary of Texaco, Inc.
in the Southern District of New York. The Ecuadorian plaintiffs alleged that
Texaco’s oil exploration in the Amazonian rain forest polluted private and
public lands in Ecuador and that Texaco was responsible for the plaintiffs’
oil-related health problems and the environmental contamination of the
plaintiffs’ property. See Jota v. Texaco, Inc., 157 F.3d 153, 155-56 (2d
Cir. 1998). The Southern District of New York dismissed the case on the basis of
forum non conveniens, Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc., 142 F. Supp. 2d 534, 554
(S.D.N.Y. 2001), and the Second Circuit affirmed, 303 F.3d 470, 480 (2d Cir.
2002).

After this ruling, some of the plaintiffs filed similar claims in Lago Agrio,
Ecuador in 2003. By then, Chevron had merged with Texaco, thereby assuming
liability for Texaco’s operations. See Republic of Ecuador v. Chevron,
638 F.3d 384, 388 n.1, 389 n.3 (2d Cir. 2011). The Lago Agrio court in
Ecuador issued its judgment in 2011, awarding the Ecuadorian plaintiffs
approximately $18.2 billion in damages against Chevron. The first-level
appellate court affirmed this judgment in full, but Ecuador’s highest court
recently reduced the judgment to $9.1 billion.

B. Treaty Arbitration in The Hague

While the Lago Agrio litigation was pending in Ecuador, Chevron sought
arbitration against the Republic of Ecuador (“the Republic”) in front of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, Netherlands. Chevron claimed that
the Republic had violated its obligations under the Ecuador-United States
Bilateral Investment Treaty (“Treaty”). Specifically, Chevron contended that the
Republic breached the Treaty by: (1) failing to notify the Lago Agrio court that
Chevron was fully released from any liability relating to the environmental
pollution through a settlement agreement between Chevron and the Republic; (2)
refusing to “indemnify, protect and defend” the rights of Chevron in connection
with the Lago Agrio litigation; (3) “openly campaigning for a decision against
Chevron”; and (4) engaging “in a pattern of improper and fundamentally unfair
conduct.”

This Treaty arbitration remains ongoing. Chevron seeks, inter alia,
indemnification or damages from the Republic to cover the cost of the
monetary award entered against Chevron in the Lago Agrio litigation. To support
its position in the Treaty arbitration, Chevron has sought materials and
documents in the possession of experts who testified for the plaintiffs in the
Lago Agrio litigation, including experts residing in the United States. In turn,
the Republic has requested discovery from Chevron’s expert witnesses in the Lago
Agrio litigation, including Dr. Hinchee in Florida.

C. Subpoena on Dr. Hinchee

The Republic sought discovery from Dr. Hinchee in the District Court for the
Northern District of Florida where Dr. Hinchee resides. The Republic requested
this discovery to aid “in defending the validity of the Lago Agrio judgment” in
the Treaty arbitration. The Republic explained that “Dr. Hinchee is an
environmental engineer and an expert in the assessment and remediation of
petroleum contaminated sites.” Because Chevron relied on Dr. Hinchee’s expert
reports in both the Lago Agrio litigation and in the Treaty arbitration, the
Republic contended that Dr. Hinchee and his documents were relevant to the
Treaty arbitration. The Republic requested that the district court issue a
subpoena to Dr. Hinchee for a deposition and production of documents pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1782, which allows the district court to issue orders to give
“[a]ssistance to foreign and international tribunals and to litigants before
such tribunals.”

Chevron intervened in the district court action and opposed the subpoena. The
district court granted the Republic’s request for a subpoena, and Dr. Hinchee
and Chevron produced approximately 94,000 pages of documents. However, Dr.
Hinchee and Chevron asserted work-product protection over 1,200 documents.

D. The Republic’s Motion to Compel

The Republic moved to compel production of the remaining 1,200 documents,
challenging Chevron’s and Dr. Hinchee’s assertions of work-product protection
and requesting that the district court perform an in camera review.
Chevron and Dr. Hinchee opposed the motion.

The district court initially granted the Republic’s motion in part, ordering
Chevron to submit 40 of the withheld documents for in camera review.

E. District Court’s Order After In Camera review

After concluding its in camera review, the district court ruled that
39 of the 40 documents were not privileged. The one document that the district
court found protected by the work-product doctrine was a draft of an expert
report. The remaining 39 documents consisted of (1) Dr. Hinchee’s notes and (2)
communications between Dr. Hinchee and “one or more individuals who were neither
attorneys nor members of an attorney’s staff.” Some of the communications in
this second group were between Dr. Hinchee and other expert witnesses testifying
for Chevron. Other communications were between Dr. Hinchee and “Chevron
nonattorney employees, including Sara McMillan [sic].”1

The district court ordered Chevron and Dr. Hinchee to produce the 39
non-privileged documents, explaining that the “work-product doctrine [does] not
protect a testifying expert’s own notes or communications with another
testifying expert.”

The district court also ordered Chevron and Dr. Hinchee to “produce to the
Republic all other documents [listed on the privilege log] . . . that were not
draft reports or communications between Chevron’s attorneys or their staff
members and Dr. Hinchee or his staff members.” And to the extent Chevron and Dr.
Hinchee still maintained any claim of attorney-client privilege or work-product
protection over any document, the district court ordered Chevron and Dr. Hinchee
to submit the document to the court for in camera review.

Chevron and Dr. Hinchee timely appealed the district court’s order.

“[D]istrict courts are entitled to broad discretion in managing pretrial
discovery matters,” Perez
v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 297 F.3d 1255, 1263 (11th Cir. 2002) [15 Fla. L.
Weekly Fed. C791a]; see also Josendis
v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc., 662 F.3d 1292, 1306 (11th Cir.
2011) [23 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C567a], including when ruling on the applicability
of the work-product doctrine, see, e.g., United Kingdom v. United States,
238 F.3d 1312, 1321 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that “the district court did
not abuse its discretion by declining to order the production of the
Government’s confidential work product”); see also Bradley
v. King, 556 F.3d 1225, 1229 (11th Cir. 2009) [21 Fla. L. Weekly Fed.
C1449a] (“A district court has wide discretion in discovery matters and our
review is accordingly deferential.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
However, the “[i]nterpretation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure presents
a question of law subject to de novo review.” Mega
Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Pieniozek, 585 F.3d 1399, 1403 (11th Cir.
2009) [22 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. C180a].

The issue in this appeal is whether the district court erred in its
interpretation of Rule 26, including the 2010 Amendments to Rule 26. This
presents a question of law subject to this Court’s de novo review. See
Klay
v. All Defendants, 425 F.3d 977, 982 (11th Cir. 2005) [18 Fla. L. Weekly
Fed. C965a] (noting that a district court is entitled to broad discretion in
pretrial discovery matters, but holding that interpretations of a term in Rule
45 is a legal question subject to de novo review); Pickett v. Iowa
Beef Processors, 209 F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[T]o the extent that
the issue involves the interpretation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
we review de novo.”).

At issue in this appeal are (1) Dr. Hinchee’s personal notes prepared for his
own use and (2) email communications between Dr. Hinchee and a group of
non-attorneys consisting primarily of other Chevron experts. The question is
whether the Republic may discover these documents.

A. Rule 26(b)(1) Entitles the Republic to All Relevant, Non-Privileged
Information

We begin our analysis with Rule 26(b)(1), which sets forth the general scope
of discovery. It instructs that “[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any
nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense —
including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location
of any documents or other tangible things and the identity and location of
persons who know of any discoverable matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Rule
26(b)(1) indicates that “[t]he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure strongly favor
full discovery whenever possible,” Farnsworth v. Procter & Gamble Co.,
758 F.2d 1545, 1547 (11th Cir. 1985), as this rule generally entitles a
civil litigant “to discovery of any information sought if it appears reasonably
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence,” Degen v. United
States, 517 U.S. 820, 825-26, 116 S. Ct. 1777, 1782 (1996) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

There is no dispute here that Dr. Hinchee’s notes and email communications
with non-attorneys, including other experts, are relevant within the meaning of
Rule 26(b)(1). The Republic is thus entitled to discover these materials —
unless Chevron and Dr. Hinchee can meet their burden of establishing that a
privilege or the work-product doctrine exempts these documents from discovery.
See United States v. Schaltenbrand, 930 F.2d 1554, 1562 (11th Cir. 1991)
(holding that the party invoking the attorney-client privilege bears the burden
of establishing that the privilege applies); see also Barclaysamerican Corp.
v. Kane, 746 F.2d 653, 656 (10th Cir. 1984) (holding that “[t]he party
seeking to assert the attorney-client privilege or the work-product doctrine as
a bar to discovery has the burden of establishing that either or both is
applicable”).

The documents here do not involve communications between (1) Chevron’s
attorneys (in-house or outside counsel) or their staff members and (2) Dr.
Hinchee or his staff members. Rather, Chevron and Dr. Hinchee claim that Dr.
Hinchee’s personal notes and email communications with non-attorneys, such as
other experts, enjoy work-product protection under Rule 26(b)(3)(A). We examine
this rule next.

B. Rules 26(b)(3)(A) and (b)(4)

First enacted in 1970, Rule 26(b)(3)(A) incorporates the attorney
work-product doctrine discussed in the Supreme Court’s seminal decision in
Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S. Ct. 385 (1947). Rule 26(b)(3)(A)
provides in relevant part: “Ordinarily, a party may not discover documents and
tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by
or for another party or its representative (including the other party’s
attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent).” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b)(3)(A). It is undisputed that the documents at issue were prepared “in
anticipation of litigation or for trial” and that Dr. Hinchee and his colleagues
prepared these documents as part of their work for Chevron. It is also
undisputed that Dr. Hinchee is a testifying expert for Chevron.

Chevron and Dr. Hinchee contend that Rule 26(b)(3)(A) protects the materials
at issue here because Dr. Hinchee is Chevron’s “representative” and, therefore,
these materials were “prepared by or for a representative.” Alternatively,
Chevron and Dr. Hinchee argue that these materials are covered by Rule
26(b)(3)(A) because they were “prepared for a party.” The threshold question is,
however, whether Rule 26(b)(3)(A) even applies to a testifying expert.

The text, structure, and background of Rule 26 suggest otherwise. While Rule
26(b)(3)(A) mentions a “party or its representative,” including an “attorney,
consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent,” the word “expert” is
noticeably absent. This silence speaks volumes, in light of the fact that right
after subsection (b)(3), Rule 26 contains another provision expressly dealing
with experts. Concurrent with the enactment of Rule 26(b)(3)(A) in 1970, the
drafters also implemented an entirely new provision in Rule 26(b)(4)(A) to
address specifically the discovery of facts known and opinions held by a
testifying expert that were “acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation
or for trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4) (1970).

The 1970 version of Rule 26(b)(4)(A) permitted interrogatories requesting
“the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary
of the grounds for each opinion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(A) (1970). The
Advisory Committee explained in 1970 that new Rule 26(b)(4) “repudiate[d] the
few decisions that have held an expert’s information privileged simply because
of his status as an expert,” and “reject[ed] as ill-considered the decisions
which have sought to bring expert information within the work-product doctrine.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes (1970) (Subdivision (b)(4)). The
Advisory Committee cited with approval the Fifth Circuit’s decision in United
States v. McKay, 372 F.2d 174 (5th Cir. 1968), in which the court rejected a
claim of work product over an appraisal report prepared by an expert witness.
Id. at 176-77.

The 1970 Advisory Committee noted that a “prohibition against discovery of
information held by expert witnesses produces in acute form the very evils that
discovery has been created to prevent.” Id. The Advisory Committtee
elaborated that “[e]ffective cross-examination of an expert witness requires
advance preparation,” and “effective rebuttal requires advance knowledge of the
line of testimony of the other side.” Id. “If the latter is foreclosed by
a rule against discovery, then the narrowing of issues and elimination of
surprise which discovery normally produces are frustrated. Id.2

In 2010, Rule 26(b)(4) was amended again. New Rule 26(b)(4)(B) was “added to
provide work-product protection under Rule 26(b)(3)(A) and (B) for drafts of
expert reports or disclosures.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes
(2010) (Subdivision (b)(4)).3 New Rule
26(b)(4)(C) was “added to provide work-product protection for attorney-expert
communications regardless of the form of the communications, whether oral,
written, electronic, or otherwise.” Id.4 But the 2010 Advisory Committee cautioned that new
Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C) “do not impede discovery about the opinions to be
offered by the expert or the development, foundation, or basis of those
opinions.” Id.

The 2010 Advisory Committee elaborated that “the expert’s testing of material
involved in litigation, and notes of any such testing, would not be exempted
from discovery by this rule.” Id. “Similarly, inquiry about
communications the expert had with anyone other than the party’s counsel about
the opinions expressed is unaffected by the rule.” Id.

Given that the drafters explicitly and specifically address work-product
claims with respect to experts in Rule 26(b)(4) and never mention experts in
(b)(3), it is difficult to say, as Chevron does, that Rule 26(b)(3)(A) applies
to all testifying expert materials in general and that Rule 26(b)(4) merely
clarifies that general principle in a specific context. To the contrary, a
reading of Rule 26(b)(3)(A) to include testifying experts would render parts of
Rule 26(b)(4) superfluous, a result disfavored by our canons of statutory (or
here rule) interpretation. See United
States v. Aldrich, 566 F.3d 976, 978 (11th Cir. 2009) [21 Fla. L. Weekly
Fed. C1775a] (“[S]tatutes should be construed so that ‘no clause, sentence, or
word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.’ ” (quoting United
States v. Ballinger, 395 F.3d 1218, 1236 (11th Cir. 2005) [18 Fla. L.
Weekly Fed. C146a])); Bouchard Transp. Co. v. Updegraff, 147 F.3d 1344,
1351 (11th Cir. 1998) (“[W]e avoid statutory constructions that render
provisions meaningless.”).

For example, if Rule 26(b)(3)(A) covered all trial preparation materials
prepared by or for a testifying expert, there would have been little need for
the rule drafters to specifically add work-product protection for draft expert
reports and for attorney-expert communications in Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C).
Draft expert reports and attorney-expert communications would already enjoy
work-product protection under Rule 26(b)(3)(A).

Indeed, an overbroad reading of Rule 26(b)(3)(A) would undermine the
drafters’ deliberate choice in Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C) to extend work-product
protection to only draft expert reports and attorney-expert communications. In
crafting Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C), the drafters easily could have also extended
work-product status to other testifying expert materials, such as an expert’s
own notes or his communications with non-attorneys, such as other experts. But
the rule drafters did not. This omission, if anything, reflects a calculated
decision not to extend work-product protection to a testifying expert’s
notes and communications with non-attorneys. See United
States v. Curbelo, 726 F.3d 1260, 1277 (11th Cir. 2013) [24 Fla. L.
Weekly Fed. C544a] (“[T]he negative implication canon, often expressed in the
Latin phrase expressio unius est exlusio alterius, . . . . applies where
items expressed are members of an associated group or series, justifying the
inference that items not mentioned were excluded by deliberate choice, not
inadvertence.”).

There is good reason why the general work-product doctrine of Rule
26(b)(3)(A) does not cover a testifying expert. Rule 26(b)(3)(A) traces its
roots to Hickman‘s directive that “it is essential that a lawyer
work with a certain degree of privacy, free from unnecessary intrusion by
opposing parties and their counsel.” 329 U.S. at 510, 67 S. Ct. at 393 (emphasis
added). Given the need for lawyers to maintain some privacy, the Hickman
Court rejected an attempt to obtain “written statements, private memoranda
and personal recollections prepared or formed by an adverse party’s counsel in
the course of his legal duties.” Id. The Supreme Court reasoned that if
such lawyer materials could be obtained through discovery, “much of what is now
put down in writing would remain unwritten. An attorney’s thoughts, heretofore
inviolate, would not be his own.” Id. at 511, 675 S. Ct. at 393-94. The
focus of the work-product doctrine in Hickman was to protect the work of
lawyers.

In United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 95 S. Ct. 2160 (1975), the
Supreme Court addressed a report prepared by an investigator. Id. at 227,
95 S. Ct. at 2164. While the work-product doctrine “at its core . . . shelters
the mental processes of the attorney,” the Supreme Court observed that
“attorneys often must rely on the assistance of investigators and other agents
in the compilation of materials in preparation for trial.” Id. at 238, 95
S. Ct. at 2170. The Supreme Court therefore concluded that it is “necessary that
the [work-product] doctrine protect material prepared by agents for the attorney
as well as those prepared by the attorney himself.” Id. at 238-39, 95 S.
Ct. at 2170.

The Supreme Court in Nobles also noted that Rule 26(b)(3) reflects the
view that the work-product doctrine necessarily must also apply “to materials
prepared on [the attorney’s] behalf.” Id. at 239 n.13, 95 S. Ct. at 2170
n.13. But for the reasons discussed above, the rule drafters stopped short of
protecting all materials prepared by or for a testifying expert.

Unlike an “attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent,”
see Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A), a testifying expert’s role is to provide
independent, impartial, qualified opinion testimony helpful to the trier of
fact. Given that testifying experts offer evidence in court, the opposing side
must have the opportunity to challenge the opinions of a testifying expert,
including how and why the expert formed a particular opinion. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes (1970) (Subdivision (b)(4)). Cloaking all
materials prepared by or for a testifying expert under the work-product doctrine
inhibits the thorough and sharp cross examination that is vital to our adversary
system. Id.

In sum, neither the text of Rule 26(b)(3)(A) nor its structure, history, and
rationale support extending the work-product doctrine to all testifying expert
materials. It is thus no surprise that Chevron and Dr. Hinchee cannot point us
to any case holding that Rule 26(b)(3)(A) applies to a testifying expert.
Rather, the Tenth Circuit recently rejected Chevron’s and Dr. Hinchee’s
argument. In another dispute over expert discovery between the Republic and
Chevron, the Tenth Circuit squarely held that the work-product protection of
Rule 26(b)(3) does not extend to materials prepared by or for a testifying
expert. Republic of Ecuador v. For Issuance of a Subpoena Under 28 U.S.C. §
1782(a), 735 F.3d 1179, 1183-85 (10th Cir. 2013) (affirming the District of
Colorado’s order compelling production of documents from Bjorn Bjorkman, another
expert witness who testified for Chevron in the Lago Agrio litigation in
Ecuador).

C. Rule 26(a)(2)(B) and the 2010 Amendments

The parties also dispute the impact of Rule 26(a)(2)(B) and the 2010
Amendment to that rule. Chevron and Dr. Hinchee argue that because the 2010
Amendments narrowed the expert disclosure requirements of Rule 26(a)(2)(B), Dr.
Hinchee need not produce his notes and communications with non-attorneys that
are at issue in this case.5 Accordingly,
we discuss the history and current version of Rule 26(a)(2).

In 1993, Rule 26(a) was restructured to add new subsections (1)-(4), which
impose “on parties a duty to disclose, without awaiting formal discovery
requests, certain basic information that is needed in most cases to prepare for
trial or make an informed decision about settlement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26,
advisory committee notes (1993) (Subdivision (a)). Rule 26(a)(2)(A) required a
party to disclose “the identity” of its testifying expert witness, and Rule
26(a)(2)(B) required that this disclosure must “be accompanied by a written
report prepared and signed by the witness.” Fed. R. Civ. P 26(a)(2)(A) and (B)
(1993).

Rule 26(a)(2)(B) also required that this expert report contain, inter
alia, “a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis
and reasons therefor; the data or other information considered by the witness in
forming the opinions; any exhibits to be used as a summary of or support for the
opinions.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B) (1993). The 1993 Advisory Committee
reasoned that “[g]iven this obligation of disclosure, litigants should no longer
be able to argue that materials furnished to their experts to be used in forming
their opinions — whether or not ultimately relied upon by the expert — are
privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure when such persons are
testifying or being deposed.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes
(1993) (Subdivision (a)(2)).

Relying on Rule 26(a)(2)(B)’s “data or other information” language and its
accompanying Advisory Committee Note, the majority of courts concluded that the
1993 Amendments to Rule 26 created a bright-line rule requiring disclosure of
all information provided to testifying experts, including attorney opinion
work-product. See Reg’l Airport Auth. of Louisville v. LFG, LLC, 460 F.3d
697, 714-17 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e now join the overwhelming majority of courts
. . . in holding that Rule 26 creates a bight-line rule mandating disclosure of
all documents, including attorney opinion work product, given to testifying
experts.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

For example, after the enactment of Rule 26(a)(2)(B) in 1993, courts ordered
the production of communications between attorneys and testifying experts, even
if these communications contained attorney opinion work-product. See, e.g.,
In re Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Inc., 238 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2001).
After 1993, courts also ordered the production of draft expert reports, even
though such drafts could reveal the opinion work-product of attorneys. See,
e.g., Elm Grove Coal Co. v. Director, O.W.C.P, 480 F.3d 278, 301-303 (4th
Cir. 2007) (“In sum, draft expert reports prepared by counsel and provided to
testifying experts, and attorney-expert communications that explain the lawyer’s
concept of the underlying facts, or his view of the opinions expected from such
experts, are not entitled to protection under the work product
doctrine.”).6 One net result was that the
courts’ broad interpretation of the “other information” language in Rule
26(a)(2)(B) undermined the protection of attorney opinion work-product afforded
in Rule 26(b)(3).

To alter the outcome of these cases, the 2010 Amendments did two things.
First, as outlined above, the drafters added Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C) to
protect draft expert reports and attorney-expert communications as work product.
Second, the drafters changed the language of Rule 26(a)(2)(B) from “data or
other information” to “facts or data.” This change rejects the outcome reached
by cases that relied on the old “other information” language in Rule 26(a)(2)(B)
to compel the production of draft expert reports and communications between
attorneys and experts. Rule 26(a)(2)(B) was changed so that it would not
conflict with new Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C), which now expressly exempt draft
reports and attorney-expert communications from discovery.

As the 2010 Advisory Committee stated: the amendment to Rule 26(a)(2)(B) “is
intended to alter the outcome in cases that have relied on the 1993 formulation
in requiring disclosure of all attorney-expert communications and draft
reports.” Rule 26, advisory committee notes (2010). “The amendments to Rule
26(b)(4) make this change explicit by providing work-product protection against
discovery regarding draft reports and disclosures or attorney-expert
communications.” Id.

The 2010 Advisory Committee explained the background for this change: after
“[m]any courts read the disclosure provision [of Rule 26(a)(2)] to authorize
discovery of all communications between counsel and expert witnesses and all
draft reports,” the Committee was told “repeatedly that routine discovery into
attorney-expert communications and draft reports has had undesirable effects.”
Id. The 2010 Advisory Committee elaborated that “[c]osts have risen,” as
“[a]ttorneys may employ two sets of experts — one for purposes of consultation
and another to testify at trial — because disclosure of their collaborative
interactions with expert consultants would reveal their most sensitive and
confidential case analyses.” Id. Moreover, “attorneys often feel
compelled to adopt a guarded attitude toward their interaction with testifying
experts that impedes effective communication, and experts adopt strategies that
protect against discovery but also interfere with their work.” Id.

None of this suggests the drafters’ intent to confer work-product status on
the notes of a testifying expert or on a testifying expert’s communications with
other experts. Rather, the 2010 Amendment to Rule 26(a)(2)(B) was intended to
protect the opinion work-product of attorneys in the context of expert
discovery. As the 2010 Advisory Committee put it, “[t]he refocus of disclosure
on ‘facts or data’ is meant to limit disclosure to material of a factual nature
by excluding theories or mental impressions of counsel.” Id.
(emphasis added). At the same time, the term “facts or data” should “be
interpreted broadly to require disclosure of any material considered by the
expert, from whatever source, that contains factual ingredients.” Id. And
Rule 26(a)(2)(B)’s “disclosure obligation extends to any facts or data
‘considered’ by the expert in forming the opinions to be expressed, not only
those relied upon by the expert.” Id. In other words, the term “facts or
data” includes all materials considered by a testifying expert, except the core
opinion work-product of attorneys.

Notably here, Chevron and Dr. Hinchee do not argue that the discovery
materials at issue in this case contain the core opinion work-product of Chevron
attorneys. Instead, by withholding Dr. Hinchee’s personal notes and
communications with other experts, Chevron and Dr. Hinchee attempt to shield the
theories and mental impressions of Dr. Hinchee and his fellow testifying
experts. Rule 26 provides no basis for this, neither before nor after the 2010
Amendments.

To the extent any attorney core opinion work-product is embedded in the 1,200
documents at issue here, Chevron and Dr. Hinchee may appropriately redact such
portions — subject to providing a privilege log under Rule 26(b)(5) and
submitting the materials for in camera review if requested by the
Republic and directed by the district court. Any redaction beyond attorney core
opinion work-product is not allowed.

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s order
compelling discovery.

AFFIRMED.

__________________

*Honorable Charles A. Pannell, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Georgia, sitting by designation.

1Although not apparent from the district
court’s order, the record indicates that Ms. McMillen is a scientist at Chevron
and serves, inter alia, as the “Lago Agrio litigation Technical Team
Project Manager.”

2The Advisory Committee Notes to the 1970
Rule 26(b)(4) state “that the subdivision does not address itself to the expert
whose information was not acquired in preparation for trial but rather because
he was an actor or viewer with respect to transactions or occurrences that are
part of the subject matter of the lawsuit. Such an expert should be treated as
an ordinary witness.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26, advisory committee notes (1970)
(Subdivision (b)(4)).

3New Rule 26(b)(4)(B) provides:
“Trial-Preparation Protection for Draft Reports or Disclosures. Rules
26(b)(3)(A) and (B) protect drafts of any report or disclosure required under
Rule 26(a)(2), regardless of the form in which the draft is recorded.” Fed. R.
Civ. P 26(b)(4)(B) (2010).

4New Rule 26(b)(4)(C) provides:
“Trial-Preparation Protection for Communications Between a Party’s Attorney
and Expert Witnesses. Rules 26(b)(3)(A) and (B) protect communications
between the party’s attorney and any witness required to provide a report under
Rule 26(a)(2)(B), regardless of the form of the communications, except to the
extent that the communications: (i) relate to compensation for the expert’s
study or testimony; (ii) identify facts or data that the party’s attorney
provided and that the expert considered in forming the opinions to be expressed;
or (iii) identify assumptions that the party’s attorney provided and that the
expert relied on in forming the opinions to be expressed.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b)(4)(C) (2010).

5Chevron and Dr. Hinchee argue that Dr.
Hinchee’s notes and communications with non-attorneys are protected from
discovery under Rule 26(b)(3)(A) and that production of such materials in the
past was necessary only because of the expert disclosure requirements of Rule
26(a)(2)(B). Chevron and Dr. Hinchee contend that because the 2010 Amendment to
Rule 26(a)(2)(B) narrowed the expert disclosure requirements in Rule
26(a)(2)(B), production of the documents at issue here is no longer required.
While our conclusion that Rule 26(b)(3)(A) does not apply to a testifying expert
rejects the underlying premise of this argument, we also address the 2010
Amendment to Rule 26(a)(2)(B) because it further supports our ultimate
conclusion here.

6By contrast, several courts before 1993
apparently concluded that Rule 26(b)(3) prohibited the discovery of attorney
opinion work-product, even when provided to a testifying expert. See, e.g.,
Bogosian v. Gulf Oil Corp., 738 F.2d 587, 594-95 (3d Cir. 1984).