38 Florida Law Weekly D2262b
Notable cases from Florida Courts, Florida Law Weekly, Volume 38 / Issue 45
Jurisdiction — Civil procedure — Service of process — Evidentiary hearing — Although summons was regular on its face in contradiction of defendant’s allegation, trial court erred in not holding an evidentiary hearing after defendant submitted affidavit of non-service alleging summons was improperly left on her apartment doorstep
TIARA DAVIS, Appellant, v. NATIONAL COLLEGIATE STUDENT LOAN TRUST 2004-2, a Delaware Statutory Trust, Appellee. 4th District. Case No. 4D12-4503. October 30, 2013. Appeal of a non-final order from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, Broward County; John B. Bowman, Judge; L.T. Case No. 12-021466 (02) CACE. Counsel: Scott Alan Orth of the Law Offices of Scott Alan Orth, P.A., Hollywood, for appellant. No brief filed on behalf of appellees.
(Ciklin, J.) The appellant, Tiara Davis, appeals the non-final order denying her motion to quash service of process based on an irregular summons and improper service. We have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(i). Davis argues the trial court erred in not conducting an evidentiary hearing when she alleged that the summons was not regular on its face and she submitted an affidavit of non-service which contested that service complied with the statute. We find that the summons was regular on its face, but we agree with Davis that the court erred in not holding an evidentiary hearing.
In Fern, Ltd. v. Road Legends, Inc., 698 So. 2d 364 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997), we explained that “neither the submission of affidavits nor argument of counsel is sufficient to constitute an evidentiary hearing.” Id. at 365 (quoting Sperdute v. Household Realty Corp., 585 So. 2d 1168, 1169 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991)). Where the allegations contained in the motion to quash service of process and the supporting affidavit would establish a failure to effect valid service, an evidentiary hearing is required. Id. Here, Davis alleged in her affidavit that the summons and complaint were left on the doorstep of her apartment and that neither she nor a person residing in her home was served. Although there are exceptions, service is generally improper where the summons and complaint are left at the defendant’s door. See BoatFloat, LLC v. Cent. Transp. Int’l, Inc., 941 So. 2d 1271, 1274-75 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006); Willoughby v. Seese Realty Inc., 421 So. 2d 691, 692 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982).
Because Davis contested the veracity of the statements in the return of service, an evidentiary hearing was required. On remand, Davis will have the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that service did not meet the requirements of section 48.031, Florida Statutes (2012). See Bank of Am., N.A. v. Bornstein, 39 So. 3d 500, 503 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (“If the return is regular on its face, then the service of process is presumed to be valid and the party challenging service has the burden of overcoming that presumption by clear and convincing evidence.”) (quoting Re-Emp’t Servs., Ltd. v. Nat’l Loan Acquisitions Co., 969 So. 2d 467, 471 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007)).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. (Warner and Gerber, JJ., concur.)
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38 Florida Law Weekly D2257a
Torts — Automobile accident — Damages — Zero damages — New trial — Trial court did not abuse discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motions for new trial after jury returned zero damages verdict — Jury’s conclusion that plaintiffs were not damaged as a result of accident was not against manifest weight of evidence — Claim that plaintiffs were entitled to damages, as matter of law, for medical treatment at scene of accident and emergency room was waived where plaintiffs failed to move for directed verdict on issue of recovery of cost of medical treatment, and instead, elected to leave this decision to jury by asking jury to return a verdict in case on an “all-or-nothing” basis — Failure to object to verdict form and jury instructions prevents appellate court from revisiting jury verdict
CARMEN HERNANDEZ and CARMEN FELIZ, Appellants, v. ALEXIS GONZALEZ, driver, and LINDA GONZALEZ, owner, Appellees. 4th District. Case No. 4D12-1810. October 30, 2013. Appeal and cross-appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, Broward County; David Krathen, Judge; L.T. Case No. 10-31902 09. Counsel: Shelly J. Stirrat of Fox, Wackeen, Dungey, Beard, Bush, Goldman, Kilbride & McCluskey, LLP, Stuart, for appellants. Shelley Senecal of Law Office of Shelley Senecal, Fort Lauderdale, for appellees.
(Klingensmith, J.) Appellants, Carmen Hernandez and Carmen Feliz, were plaintiffs in a lawsuit resulting from an automobile accident. In that accident, their car was rear-ended by defendant Alexis Gonzalez who was driving a car owned by co-defendant Linda Gonzalez. Both Hernandez and Feliz were taken to the hospital from the scene of the accident by ambulance for evaluation. In the months thereafter, both sought medical treatment for physical problems they claimed were a result of the accident. At the conclusion of trial, the jury returned a zero damages verdict against both Hernandez and Feliz. These appellants now appeal from the denial of their respective motions for new trial on the grounds that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court’s denial of these motions.
“The appropriate standard of review applied to a trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial is whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Izquierdo v. Gyroscope, Inc., 946 So. 2d 115, 117 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007); see also Smith v. Brown, 525 So. 2d 868, 870 (Fla. 1988) (claim that verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence is reviewable under the abuse of discretion standard). Appellants assert that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their motions for new trial, citing the jury’s failure to find that the accident caused damage, and failure to award them the cost of medical treatment at the accident scene and emergency room.
At trial, the appellees admitted negligence but disputed both causation and damages. In their defense, appellees presented evidence to support their claim that Hernandez had a history of significant pre-existing injuries that was the cause of all of the medical treatment and expenses she subsequently incurred. Appellees also presented evidence during trial suggesting Feliz was not injured at all in the accident, including one witness who testified Feliz was seen laughing and giggling at the hospital soon thereafter. Both appellants denied these allegations and presented evidence to refute those claims. Appellees never disputed the reasonableness of the cost of medical treatment provided to appellants at the scene of the accident or at the hospital immediately afterwards. It was also undisputed that these expenses were incurred as a direct result of the accident. However, at the close of evidence during trial, neither Hernandez nor Feliz moved for directed verdict on their entitlement to these costs.
All parties agreed to the verdict form submitted to the jury for deliberation. On that form, the following question was asked:
Was the negligence on the part of the [sic] Alexis Gonzalez, who was the driver of the vehicle owned by Linda Gonzalez, a legal cause of loss, injury, or damage to the Plaintiff [Hernandez or Feliz]?
This verdict form question was referenced in the closing arguments presented by both sides. Each attorney argued that if the jury found the appellants were not injured from the accident, they should check “no” as to that question on the verdict form. In fact, the appellants’ counsel made the following argument during his closing:
Number one on both of [the verdict forms]: Was the negligence on the part of Alexis Gonzalez, who was the driver of the vehicle owned by Linda Gonzalez, a legal cause of loss, injury or damage to the plaintiff, Carmen Hernandez and the other one says Carmen Feliz. They’ve already admitted that they were negligent, okay, did their negligence cause damage? Of course it did, okay, the extent of the damage is something that I think you all are really going to have to talk to each other about, but of course, the answer to number one is yes. You have the option to check no, and if you think that there’s some kind of thing, if you think that Carmen Hernandez or Carmen Feliz weren’t injured at all, suffered nothing because they got rear ended, then check no, and we’re done, but if you think that they had an injury of whatever extent, the answer to number one is yes on both.
(Emphasis added). The jury returned its verdict, finding that the defendants’ negligence was not the legal cause of loss, injury or damage to the plaintiffs.
We find no error in the trial court’s denial of both motions for a new trial on whether the appellants’ claimed injuries were caused by the accident. Although the appellees admitted negligence, causation was a disputed issue on which both plaintiffs bore the burden of proof at trial. See Sparks-Book v. Sports Auth., Inc., 699 So. 2d 767, 768 n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (“ ‘[E]ven with causation not at issue, plaintiff was still obligated to prove some connexity between the damages claimed and the [defendant’s tortious conduct].’ ” (quoting Rucker v. Garlock, Inc., 672 So. 2d 100, 102 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996))). Where there is a dispute as to whether a plaintiff’s injuries resulted from the subject accident, a verdict awarding the plaintiff only a portion of his or her damages, or perhaps none at all, does not require a new trial as a matter of law. Beauvais v. Edell, 760 So. 2d 262, 264 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000).
Hernandez presented expert testimony at trial to support her claim for causation and damages. To counter this evidence, an expert for the defense opined Hernandez suffered from a pre-existing condition, and stated that the accident did not cause or contribute to her medical condition. Therefore, the jury’s conclusion that she was not damaged as a result of the accident was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. See Wald v. Grainger, 64 So. 3d 1201, 1205-06 (Fla. 2011) (when a medical expert’s opinion is predicated on an incomplete or inaccurate medical history, the jury is free to reject the expert medical testimony); Easkold v. Rhodes, 614 So. 2d 495, 498 (Fla. 1993) (where the plaintiff gave a materially untruthful medical history to the doctors, the jury was justified in disregarding the opinion testimony of plaintiff’s medical expert); Katz v. Ghodsi, 682 So. 2d 586, 588 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (plaintiff’s motion for a new trial properly denied because “it was solely for the jury to resolve these conflicts and consider the weight of the disputed testimony”). As such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Hernandez’s motion for new trial.
Likewise, the trial court’s denial of the motion for new trial filed by Feliz was not an abuse of discretion. Although Feliz presented evidence that she suffered an injury to her neck from the accident, the defense countered that testimony with evidence casting doubt on her claims. A jury may reject medical testimony, even on uncontroverted issues, provided it has a reasonable basis to do so, such as where there is conflicting lay testimony. See Weygant v. Ft. Myers Lincoln Mercury, Inc., 640 So. 2d 1092, 1094 (Fla. 1994); Easkold, 614 So. 2d at 498; Fell v. Carlin, 6 So. 3d 119, 121 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (“[I]f the jury had a reasonable basis to conclude Fell was not candid with his doctors, it also had a basis to reject their opinions about whether he was injured as a result of the accident.”). The law is also well-settled that a jury is entitled to reject evidence of past medical expenses in rendering its verdict. Frei v. Alger, 655 So. 2d 1215, 1216 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995). Here, the jury could accept or reject the evidence presented by Feliz, but decided by its verdict she did not suffer any loss, injury or damage from the accident.
It is generally true that even when a jury finds the plaintiff was not injured as a result of the subject accident, the plaintiff is nonetheless entitled to recover any expenses incurred for medical examinations and diagnostic testing reasonably necessary to determine whether the subject accident caused the injuries. See Sparks-Book, 699 So. 2d at 768; Blanford v. Polk Cnty., 410 So. 2d 667, 669 (Fla. 2d DCA 1982); Peek v. Stevens, 395 So. 2d 617, 617-18 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981);Ridenour v. Sharek, 388 So. 2d 222, 224 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980). As such, appellants suggest that this court’s recent decision in Pack v. Geico General Insurance Co., 119 So. 3d 1284 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013), supports their request for a new trial. In Pack, we reaffirmed the general rule that a plaintiff may recover the cost of medical expenses for diagnostic testing which were reasonably necessary to determine whether the accident caused injuries, regardless of whether or not the jury ultimately finds the accident to be the legal cause of those claimed injuries.
However, this court also noted in Pack that there are exceptions to this general rule that could allow a jury to award a zero verdict, regardless of the medical expenses incurred. For example, an exception can apply when sufficient evidence is presented at trial regarding certain factors, including but not limited to pre-existing injuries with extensive treatments, lack of candor with treating physicians, videotapes that show actual physical capabilities, and expert medical opinions which conflict as to causation. See State, Dep’t of Transp. v. Rosario, 782 So. 2d 927, 928 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (affirming a zero jury verdict where the evidence supported the jury’s conclusion that the plaintiff suffered no damages as a result of the accident). The evidence presented at trial regarding the appellants’ claims was sufficient to support the existence of one or more of these factors; thus, an exception to the above-stated general rule applies here as well.
Further, entitlement to certain elements of damages as a matter of law can also be waived. Here, appellants could have moved for a directed verdict on the issue of recovery for the cost of medical treatment at both the accident scene and emergency room. See Sparks-Book, 699 So. 2d at 768; Ridenour, 388 So. 2d at 223. Instead, they elected to leave this decision to the jury by asking them to return a verdict in this case on an “all-or-nothing” basis. This is analogous to the case ofMartin v. Chapman, 780 So. 2d 929 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001), where the defendant admitted liability but vigorously contested damages at trial. The jury in Martinreturned a zero verdict finding that defendant’s negligence was not a legal cause of damage to plaintiff. The trial court ordered a new trial due to concerns that the jury failed to award any damages, “despite unrefuted evidence” of an emergency room bill incurred due to the accident. In reversing the order granting a new trial, the Fifth District noted that when a plaintiff fails to move for directed verdict on entitlement to these damages, they are electing to leave this issue up to the decision of the jury. As in the case at bar, trial counsel in Martin also expressly invited the jury in closing to return a verdict on an “all-or-nothing” basis, arguing to the jury that “if you think that [Chapman] was faking when he was on this witness stand, just say he’s not hurt and we’ll all go home.” Id. at 930 n.1. The Fifth District found that by utilizing this argument, plaintiff had waived any objection to the fact that the jury accepted this invitation and came back with nothing.
Appellants’ failure to object to the verdict form and jury instructions also prevents us from revisiting the jury verdict. In Plana v. Sainz, 990 So. 2d 554 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008), an adverse final judgment was entered against a plaintiff following the jury’s zero verdict in a personal injury action. Plaintiff alleged on appeal that the trial court erred by denying the plaintiff’s motion for new trial, where the jury failed to award expenses incurred for diagnostic testing to determine whether plaintiff’s complained-of injuries were a result of the subject accident. The Third District held that because the plaintiff failed to object to the verdict form and the trial court’s instructions, they waived any objection to the zero damage award. In Plana, counsel for the plaintiff agreed to the wording of the verdict form, which instructed the jury that if it found the subject accident was not the legal cause of plaintiff’s injury, it should proceed no further except to sign the verdict form. By consenting to the wording used on the verdict form, the plaintiff was precluded from asserting on appeal that the zero damage award entered by the jury was error.
Both Martin and Plana stand for the proposition that granting a new trial under the circumstances presented here is unwarranted, because “the jury cannot be faulted for doing exactly what it was instructed to do.” Plana, 990 So. 2d at 557; see also Beverly Health & Rehab. Servs., Inc. v. Freeman, 709 So. 2d 549, 551 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998) (plaintiff “waived the issue of nominal damages by agreeing to the verdict form that instructed the jury to skip the damages issue if its answer to the causation question was ‘no’ ”); Papcun v. Piggy Bag Disc. Souvenirs, Food & Gas Corp., 472 So. 2d 880, 881 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985) (citing to well-established Florida law that “failure to object to a verdict form regarding defects not of a constitutional or fundamental character constitutes a waiver of such defects”).
Appellants’ counsel expressly asked the jury in his closing argument to return a verdict against his clients as to all of their damages should they find that the evidence failed to support their claims. This type of argument, employed by both the attorney in Martin and by appellants’ counsel, is intended to enhance counsel’s credibility and trust with the jury. However, this strategy also has the concomitant risk that the jury will indeed accept the proffered invitation, and deliver to counsel an adverse result for his client. Counsel took this calculated risk when he submitted the appellants’ damages claims to the jury in toto. That this strategy failed neither requires nor permits this court to grant a new trial. See, e.g., E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. Native Hammock Nursery, Inc., 698 So. 2d 267, 273 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997);Saxon v. Chacon, 539 So. 2d 11, 12 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989); Diaz v. Rodriguez, 384 So. 2d 906 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980). As stated in Saxon:
Obviously, counsel for plaintiff [who had refused to move for a mistrial] wanted to take his chances with the jury on the state of the evidence adduced below; having gambled and lost when the jury returned an adverse verdict, he cannot now be heard to ask belatedly for a new trial . . . .
Saxon, 539 So. 2d at 12.
A party cannot successfully complain about an error for which he or she is responsible or of rulings that he or she has invited the trial court to make. Gupton v. Village Key & Saw Shop, 656 So. 2d 475, 478 (Fla. 1995). Appellants’ inability to recover certain elements of damages in this case was a foreseeable potential outcome of counsel’s trial strategy and not a result of any error by the trial court. Taylor v. Bateman, 927 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006); Fuller v. Palm Auto Plaza, Inc., 683 So. 2d 654 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996). By seeking to have the jury decide the issue of appellees’ liability for all damages rather than moving for directed verdict on any or all of those damages, appellants cannot now successfully claim error simply because the jury returned a zero verdict. See Gupton, 656 So. 2d at 478; see also Sheffield v. Superior Ins. Co., 800 So. 2d 197, 202 (Fla. 2001) (quoting Goodwin v. State, 751 So. 2d 537, 544 n.8 (Fla. 1999)) (Under the rule of invited error, “ ‘a party may not make or invite error at trial and then take advantage of the error on appeal.’ ”).
Affirmed. (Taylor and Levine, JJ., concur.)
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38 Florida Law Weekly S812b
Child custody — Determination of parentage — Assisted reproductive technology — Constitutionality of statute — Same-sex couples — Section 742.14 is unconstitutional as applied to deprive parental rights of lesbian woman who provided her ova to her lesbian partner so both women could have a child to raise together as equal parental partners and who did parent child for several years after its birth — Because biological mother who contributed ova accepted responsibility for raising child from the beginning and did in fact parent and support child until birth mother prevented her from doing so, her inchoate interest developed into protected fundamental right to be parent to her child — Statute violates due process clauses of state and federal constitutions and privacy provision of Florida Constitution — Further, statute, in combination with restrictive definition of term “commissioning couple” in section 742.13(2), violates equal protection clauses of both state and federal constitutions by denying same-sex couples the statutory protection against automatic relinquishment of parental rights that it affords to heterosexual unmarried couples seeking to utilize the identical assistance of reproductive technology — Although district court’s determination of statutory unconstitutionality is affirmed, district court’s holding that statute does not apply because mother was not a “donor” as that term is used in statute is disapproved — Statute on its face does apply to mother who provided egg for the couple — Remand for trial court to determine, based on best interests of child, issues such as parental time-sharing and child support
D.M.T., Appellant, v. T.M.H., Appellee. Supreme Court of Florida. Case No. SC12-261. November 7, 2013. An Appeal from the District Court of Appeal — Statutory or Constitutional Invalidity. Fifth District – Case No. 5D09-3559 (Brevard County). Counsel: Michael B. Jones of The Wheelock Law Firm, LLC, Orlando, for Appellant. Christopher V. Carlyle and Shannon McLin Carlyle of The Carlyle Appellate Law Firm, The Villages; Robert A. Segal of Law Offices of Robert A. Segal, P.A., Melbourne, for Appellee. Randall C. Marshall, Miami, for Amicus Curiae American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Florida, Inc. Leslie Cooper, New York, New York, for Amicus Curiae American Civil Liberty Union Foundation. Beth Littrell, Atlanta, Georgia, for Amicus Curiae Lambda Legal. Joseph S. Jackson, Gainesville, for Amici Curiae University of Florida Frederic G. Levin College of Law Center on Children and Families, University of Miami School of Law Children and Youth Law Clinic, Nova Southeastern University Law Center Children and Families Clinic, and Barry University School of Law Children and Families Clinic. Shannon P. Minter of the National Center for Lesbian Rights, San Francisco, California; Cristina Alonso and Christopher B. Corts of Carlton Fields, P.A., Miami, for Amicus Curiae American Academy of Assisted Reproductive Technology Attorneys. Reginald Brown, Daniel S. Volchok, and Daniel Aguilar of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae The National Association of Social Workers and National Association of Social Workers, Florida Chapter.
(PARIENTE, J.) “The intangible fibers that connect parent and child have infinite variety. They are woven throughout the fabric of our society, providing it with strength, beauty, and flexibility. It is self-evident that they are sufficiently vital to merit constitutional protection in appropriate cases.” Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 256 (1983).
The parents in this case are two women, D.M.T. and T.M.H., who were involved in a long-term committed relationship when they agreed to jointly conceive and raise a child together as equal parental partners. Their child was conceived through the couple’s use of assisted reproductive technology, with T.M.H. providing the egg and D.M.T. giving birth to the child. After the child was born, the couple gave her a hyphenation of their last names, and both T.M.H. and D.M.T. participated in raising their child until their relationship soured and D.M.T. absconded with the child. T.M.H. now seeks to establish her parental rights to the child and also to reassume parental responsibilities. D.M.T., conversely, seeks to prevent T.M.H. from doing either. D.M.T. asserts that she, and she alone, should have the fundamental right to be the parent of the child. No other individual has asserted parental rights to the child, and no party or amicus curiae in this case other than D.M.T. takes the position that T.M.H. should be denied her rights.1
In T.M.H. v. D.M.T., 79 So. 3d 787 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011), the Fifth District Court of Appeal held that Florida’s assisted reproductive technology statute — section 742.14, Florida Statutes (2008) — did not apply to T.M.H., and that the trial court’s application of the statute was unconstitutional because it prevented T.M.H., who provided the egg for the couple, from asserting her parental rights to the child. Id.at 792, 798, 800. Because the Fifth District declared section 742.14 unconstitutional as applied to T.M.H., we have mandatory jurisdiction under article V, section 3(b)(1), of the Florida Constitution to review this case. In addition, the Fifth District certified a question of great public importance regarding whether the statute was unconstitutional, and we also have jurisdiction on that basis. See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const.2
We conclude that the statute is unconstitutional (1) as a violation of the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution and separately as a violation of the Due Process Clause and privacy provision of the Florida Constitution; and (2) as a violation of the federal Equal Protection Clause and separately as a violation of the Florida Equal Protection Clause. In reaching our conclusion, we rely on long-standing constitutional law that an unwed biological father has an inchoate interest that develops into a fundamental right to be a parent protected by the Florida and United States Constitutions when he demonstrates a commitment to raising the child by assuming parental responsibilities. It is not the biological relationship per se, but rather “the assumption of the parental responsibilities which is of constitutional significance.” Matter of Adoption of Doe, 543 So. 2d 741, 748 (Fla. 1989).
Because the application of section 742.14 operated to automatically deprive T.M.H. of her ability to assert her fundamental right to be a parent, we conclude, based on the circumstances of this case, that the statute is unconstitutional as applied under the Due Process Clauses of the Florida and United States Constitutions and under the privacy provision of the Florida Constitution. Further, we hold that section 742.14, in combination with the restrictive definition of the term “commissioning couple” in section 742.13(2), also violates state and federal equal protection by denying same-sex couples the statutory protection against the automatic relinquishment of parental rights that it affords to heterosexual unmarried couples seeking to utilize the identical assistance of reproductive technology.
Accordingly, we affirm the Fifth District’s determination of statutory unconstitutionality and also answer the certified question in the affirmative, but we disapprove the Fifth District’s holding that the statute does not apply in this situation. Our holding that T.M.H. has rights deserving of constitutional protection does not mean that D.M.T.’s parental rights are not deserving of constitutional protection — quite the opposite. Our decision does not deny D.M.T. the right to be a parent to her child, but requires only that T.M.H.’s right to be a parent of the child be constitutionally recognized. D.M.T.’s preference that she parent the child alone is sadly similar to the views of all too many parents who, after separating, prefer to exclude the other parent from the child’s life. As the Fifth District wisely observed:
[D.M.T.] suggests that because she and [T.M.H.] have separated, a choice must be made. She posits that, as the birth mother, she should have exclusive parental rights to the child and that [T.M.H.], as the biological mother, should have no rights at all. If we were to accept [D.M.T.’s] argument that a choice must be made between the two, perhaps a Solomonic approach to resolving this dispute would be preferable, but we are neither possessed of the wisdom of Solomon nor are we able to apply his particular methodology under the law as we know it today. Parental rights, which include the love and affection an individual has for his or her child, transcend the relationship between two consenting adults, and we see nothing in this record that makes either [T.M.H. or D.M.T.] an exception that places those rights in one to the exclusion of the other. It is unknown what caused these two women to cross the proverbial line between love and hate, but that is a matter between [T.M.H. and D.M.T.]. Their separation does not dissolve the parental rights of either woman to the child, nor does it dissolve the love and affection either has for the child.
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 802-03.
We remain ever mindful that although our resolution of the constitutional issues revolves around the rights of T.M.H., the biological mother, we cannot and should not lose sight of the fact that there is a child at the center of this dispute whose best interests will ultimately determine the extent to which each parent will play a role in her life through legal rights and legal responsibilities. We therefore remand this case to the trial court to determine, based on the best interests of the child, issues such as parental time-sharing and child support, and we emphasize, as did the Fifth District, that an all-or-nothing choice between the two parents is not necessary.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The child at the center of this dispute was born on January 4, 2004. Her birth mother, D.M.T., and her biological mother, T.M.H., were in a long-term committed relationship at the time of the child’s birth, and the child began her life by living with both parents.3 The Fifth District set forth the undisputed facts of this case as follows:
[T.M.H.] and [D.M.T.] were involved in a committed relationship from 1995 until 2006. They lived together and owned real property as joint tenants, evidenced by a deed in the record. Additionally, both women deposited their income into a joint bank account and used those funds to pay their bills.
The couple decided to have a baby that they would raise together as equal parental partners. They sought reproductive medical assistance, where they learned [D.M.T.] was infertile. [T.M.H.] and [D.M.T.], using funds from their joint bank account, paid a reproductive doctor to withdraw ova from [T.M.H.], have them fertilized, and implant the fertilized ova into [D.M.T.]. The two women told the reproductive doctor that they intended to raise the child as a couple, and they went for counseling with a mental health professional to prepare themselves for parenthood. The in vitro fertilization procedure that was utilized proved successful, and a child was conceived.
The child was born in Brevard County on January 4, 2004. The couple gave the child a hyphenation of their last names. Although the birth certificate lists only [D.M.T.] as the mother and does not indicate a father, a maternity test revealed that there is a 99.99% certainty that [T.M.H.] is the biological mother of the child. [T.M.H.] and [D.M.T.] sent out birth announcements with both of their names declaring, “We Proudly Announce the Birth of Our Beautiful Daughter.” Both women participated at their child’s baptism, and they both took an active role in the child’s early education.
The women separated in May 2006, and the child lived with [D.M.T.]. Initially, [T.M.H.] made regular child support payments, which [D.M.T.] accepted. [T.M.H.] ended the support payments when she and [D.M.T.] agreed to divide the child’s time evenly between them. They continued to divide the costs of education.
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 788-89.
Eventually, the couple’s relationship severely deteriorated, and, as is all too commonly seen in child custody proceedings, one parent, D.M.T., unfortunately severed the other parent’s, T.M.H.’s, contact with the daughter the couple had jointly planned for, conceived, and raised as a family. Id. Until that time, the child “did not distinguish between one [woman] being the biological or the birth parent.” Id. at 789. Each party was simply a parent to this child up until and including the point at which D.M.T., the birth mother, absconded to an undisclosed location with the child after the parties’ relationship soured. See id.
After finally locating the birth mother in Australia, T.M.H., the biological mother, served the birth mother with a petition to establish parental rights to the couple’s child and for declaratory relief, including an adjudication of parentage pursuant to chapter 742, Florida Statutes (2008), and a declaration of statutory invalidity with respect to section 742.14, the assisted reproductive technology statute. T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 789 n.1, 799. Section 742.14 provides that, except in the case of a “commissioning couple” — defined in section 742.13 as the intended mother and father of a child who will be conceived through assisted reproductive technology using the biological material of at least one of the intended parents — and fathers who have executed a preplanned adoption agreement, an egg or sperm donor must relinquish any claim to parental rights or obligations to the donation or the resulting child. See §§ 742.13(2), 742.14, Fla. Stat.
In response to the biological mother’s action, the birth mother filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging that the biological mother lacked parental rights as a matter of law regardless of the couple’s original intent with respect to raising the child. The trial court held a hearing and granted the birth mother’s summary judgment motion, explaining that it felt constrained by the current state of the law and expressing hope that an appellate court would reverse its ruling by stating as follows:
First, let me say, I find that [the birth mother’s] actions to be — this is my phraseology — morally reprehensible. I do not agree with her actions relevant to the best interest of the child. However, that is not the standard. There is no distinction in law or recognition of rights of the biological mother verses a birth mother. . . .
. . . .
Same-sex partners do not meet the definition [in section 742.13(2)] of commissioning couple. There really is no protection for [the biological mother] under Florida law because she could not have adopted this child to prevent this current set of circumstances. I do not agree with the current state of the law, but I must uphold it. . . .
. . . .
And, [to the biological mother], if you appeal this, I hope I’m wrong.
(Emphasis added.) The trial court therefore found both that the birth mother and the biological mother, as a same-sex couple, could not meet the definition of a “commissioning couple,” as the term is defined in section 742.13(2) and used in section 742.14, to be exempt from the relinquishment of parental rights, and that Florida law does not recognize the rights of a biological mother versus a birth mother.
The biological mother appealed the trial court’s ruling to the Fifth District Court of Appeal. Identifying this as a case of first impression in Florida, the Fifth District reversed the trial court’s decision and held that the trial court’s interpretation and application of the statute violated the biological mother’s constitutional rights.T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 800. Recognizing the rich body of federal and state constitutional law that would unquestionably give constitutionally protected rights to a biological father in the exact situation presented by the facts of this case, id. at 797-98, the Fifth District concluded that the biological mother is “entitled to constitutionally protected parental rights to the child and that the statutory relinquishment of those rights under section 742.14 is prohibited by the Federal and Florida Constitutions.” Id. at 798.
In its analysis of the issues presented, the Fifth District reviewed the trial court’s determination that the biological mother is a “donor” as that term is used in section 742.14 and that the statute therefore applies to deprive her of parental rights to her child. Id. at 790-91. Acknowledging that the facts in this case are undisputed, the Fifth District found that the biological mother “would not be a donor . . . because she did not intend to give her ova away.” Id. at 792. “Rather,” the Fifth District explained, “she always intended to be a mother to the child born from her ova and was a mother to the child for several years after [the child’s] birth.” Id.
After concluding that section 742.14 did not apply to the biological mother, the Fifth District then addressed the birth mother’s contention that the biological mother had relinquished her parental rights to the child, rejecting two aspects of this argument. First, the Fifth District explained that the biological mother’s protected parental rights could not, consistent with the Florida and United States Constitutions, be extinguished through the trial court’s application of section 742.14, stating as follows:
Here, it is undisputed that [the biological mother] formed and maintained a parental relationship for several years after the child was born, and she did so as an equal parental partner with [the birth mother] who, for all that time, never suggested that [the biological mother] had relinquished her parental rights to her child. We believe that [the biological mother] has constitutionally protected rights as a genetic parent who has established a parental relationship with her genetic offspring that transcend the provisions of section 742.14.
Id. at 797.
Second, the Fifth District addressed and rejected the contention that the biological mother had relinquished her rights by signing an informed consent form in the reproductive doctor’s office, concluding that the preprinted form did not constitute a waiver. Id. at 802. In explaining its reasoning regarding the “significant factors” that informed this conclusion, the Fifth District stated that “both women agreed to raise any child born with the ova supplied by [the biological mother] as equal parental partners and both women complied with that agreement for several years after the child was born.” Id. at 801. The Fifth District found it “very revealing” that the birth mother “never attempted to assert this waiver claim until she decided to take the child to Australia and deprive [the biological mother] of any further contact with the child.” Id.
Judge Monaco separately wrote a concurring opinion, which was joined by Judge Sawaya, further emphasizing the Fifth District’s conclusion that section 742.14 does not apply to T.M.H. because the statute “was not designed to resolve the problem of how to treat children born by in vitro fertilization to a same-sex couple.” Id. at 803 (Monaco, J., concurring). Judge Lawson dissented both as to the Fifth District’s statutory construction and constitutional analysis, based on his belief that the birth mother is the sole legal mother of the child under established common law and Florida’s statutory scheme. Id. at 805-06 (Lawson, J., dissenting).
ANALYSIS
With this factual and procedural background established, we now proceed to analyze the important constitutional issues presented in this case.4 Our analysis begins with a brief overview of the statutory provisions implicated, including our determination of whether section 742.14 is applicable to the circumstances presented. Concluding that the statute applies, we then turn to a discussion of T.M.H.’s constitutional challenges to the statute’s validity. In this regard, we review the constitutional protections for parenting, determine the nature of T.M.H.’s interest, and analyze whether sections 742.13(2) and 742.14 violate the state and federal constitutional guarantees of due process, privacy, and equal protection. Finally, we address and reject D.M.T.’s argument that T.M.H. waived any interest she may have in the child by signing a standard informed consent form in the course of the couple’s use of assisted reproductive technology to conceive a child.
I. Sections 742.13 and 742.14
In the decision below, the Fifth District determined that section 742.14, the assisted reproductive technology statute, did not apply to T.M.H., the biological mother, in this situation because she is not a “donor” as that term is used in the statute.5 We disagree with the Fifth District as to the statutory construction analysis because we conclude that the statute does, on its face, apply to T.M.H. as the provider of the egg for the couple.
Our interpretation of section 742.14 and the related provision in section 742.13 defining the term “commissioning couple,” as well as our determination of the statutes’ constitutionality, are pure questions of law, subject to de novo review. See City of Miami v. McGrath, 824 So. 2d 143, 146 (Fla. 2002). “A court’s purpose in construing a statute is to give effect to legislative intent, which is the polestar that guides the court in statutory construction.” Larimore v. State, 2 So. 3d 101, 106 (Fla. 2008). “As with any case of statutory construction, [the Court must] begin with the ‘actual language used in the statute.’ ” Heart of Adoptions, Inc. v. J.A., 963 So. 2d 189, 198 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Borden v. East-European Ins. Co., 921 So. 2d 587, 595 (Fla. 2006)). “A basic tenet of statutory interpretation is that a ‘statute should be interpreted to give effect to every clause in it, and to accord meaning and harmony to all of its parts.’ ”Jones v. ETS of New Orleans, Inc., 793 So. 2d 912, 914-15 (Fla. 2001) (quoting Acosta v. Richter, 671 So. 2d 149, 153-54 (Fla. 1996)). Further, we necessarily must read sections 742.13 and 742.14 together. See Fla. Dep’t of State, Div. of Elections v. Martin, 916 So. 2d 763, 768 (Fla. 2005).
Section 742.14, which is Florida’s assisted reproductive technology statute, is entitled “Donation of eggs, sperm, or preembryos” and has provided as follows since 1993:
The donor of any egg, sperm, or preembryo, other than the commissioning couple or a father who has executed a preplanned adoption agreement under s. 63.212, shall relinquish all maternal or paternal rights and obligations with respect to the donation or the resulting children. Only reasonable compensation directly related to the donation of eggs, sperm, and preembryos shall be permitted.
§ 742.14, Fla. Stat. (emphasis added). The term “commissioning couple,” as used in section 742.14, is defined in section 742.13(2) as “the intended mother and father of a child who will be conceived by means of assisted reproductive technology using the eggs or sperm of at least one of the intended parents.” § 742.13(2), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added).6
The Fifth District concluded that the assisted reproductive technology statute did not apply to T.M.H. since she always intended to parent the child conceived through her provision of biological material to her partner.T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 792, 803-04. Therefore, according to the Fifth District, T.M.H. is not considered a “donor” as that term is used in the statute. Id.
We reject the Fifth District’s construction of the assisted reproductive technology statute. The plain language of section 742.14 does not provide for the subjective intentions of someone in T.M.H.’s position to be taken into consideration in determining whether he or she is a “donor” under the terms of the statute. Rather, the statute identifies only two categories of individuals who do not relinquish parental rights as to their provision of biological material during the course of assisted reproductive technology — (1) members of a “commissioning couple”; and (2) fathers who have executed a preplanned adoption agreement. Indeed, the structure of section 742.14 designates these groups as fitting within the term “donor,” and then provides that they are specifically exempted from the statutory relinquishment of parental rights. See § 742.14, Fla. Stat. If the statute did not apply to these groups, then they would not need to be exempted from its requirements.
In providing for these two exceptions, the Legislature expressed its intent not to allow the subjective intentions of all other individuals who provide eggs, sperm, or preembryos during the course of assisted reproductive technology to become an issue in need of litigation. See Pro-Art Dental Lab, Inc. v. V-Strategic Group, LLC, 986 So. 2d 1244, 1258 (Fla. 2008) (“Under the canon of statutory constructionexpressio unius est exclusio alterius, the mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another.” (quotingState v. Hearns, 961 So. 2d 211, 219 (Fla. 2007))). Instead, the Legislature articulated a policy of treating all individuals who provide eggs, sperm, or preembryos as part of assisted reproductive technology as “donor[s]” bound by the terms of the statute, and then exempting two specific groups in accordance with the purpose behind the statutory enactment.
To hold that section 742.14 does not apply to T.M.H. in this case because of her subjective intention not to give her egg away would essentially create a third exception in the statute. This Court, however, is “not at liberty to add words to the statute that were not placed there by the Legislature.” Lawnwood Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Seeger, 990 So. 2d 503, 512 (Fla. 2008).
It is clear that the primary purpose behind the Legislature’s enactment of the assisted reproductive technology statute was to ensure that couples taking advantage of medical advances in reproductive science to conceive a child are protected from a claim to parental rights by a third-party provider of the genetic material used for assisted reproductive technology. In this regard, we emphasize that our resolution of the constitutional issues presented in this case does not undermine the statutory protections or certainty provided to commissioning couples in any way. Rather, the specific constitutional question we address next is whether these very protections against the statutory relinquishment of parental rights can be denied to an unmarried woman who was part of a same-sex couple seeking the assistance of reproductive technology to conceive a child to jointly raise and who provided biological material to her partner with the specific intent to become a parent.
II. The Constitutionality of the Statutes
We begin our constitutional analysis of section 742.14, and the corresponding provision in section 742.13 defining the term “commissioning couple,” by addressing T.M.H.’s due process and privacy arguments that application of the assisted reproductive technology statute abridges her fundamental right to be a parent. We then address the equal protection argument that section 742.14, in combination with section 742.13(2), unconstitutionally creates an unreasonable classification based on sexual orientation. We hold that section 742.14 is unconstitutional as applied on each basis under both the United States Constitution and separately under the Florida Constitution.
A. Denial of Due Process Under the Florida and United States Constitutions and Denial of Right to
Privacy Under the Florida Constitution
1. Constitutional Right of Parenting
It is a basic tenet of our society and our law that individuals have the fundamental constitutionally protected rights to procreate and to be a parent to their children. These constitutional rights are recognized by both the Florida Constitution and the United States Constitution. As stated by the United States Supreme Court inTroxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000), “the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized” in American law. See also Skinner v. Okla. ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541 (1942) (stating that procreation is “one of the basic civil rights of man” and is “fundamental to the very existence and survival of the race”); Beagle v. Beagle, 678 So. 2d 1271, 1276 (Fla. 1996) (recognizing that parents’ fundamental right to raise their children is protected by Florida’s state constitutional right of privacy); In re Adoption of Baby E.A.W., 658 So. 2d 961, 966 (Fla. 1995) (“The United States Supreme Court has held that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management of their children.” (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982))).
This Court has previously explained that the fundamental right to have children is a right “so basic as to be inseparable from the rights to ‘enjoy and defend life and liberty, (and) to pursue happiness.’ ” Grissom v. Dade Cnty., 293 So. 2d 59, 62 (Fla. 1974) (quoting art. I, § 2, Fla. Const.). A “parent’s desire for and right to ‘the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children’ is an important interest that ‘undeniably warrants deference and, absent a powerful countervailing interest, protection.’ ” Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981) (quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972)).
Both the Florida and the United States Constitutions “protect individuals from arbitrary and unreasonable governmental interference with a person’s right to life, liberty, and property.” State v. Robinson, 873 So. 2d 1205, 1212 (Fla. 2004); see U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 (“[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”); art. I, § 9, Fla. Const. (“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law . . . .”). In addition, the Florida Constitution contains a separate privacy protection declaring that an individual in this state “has the right to be let alone and free from governmental intrusion into the person’s private life.” Art. I, § 23, Fla. Const.
This Court has interpreted the Florida Constitution’s privacy provision to provide “greater protection than is afforded by the federal constitution” and to include specific protection against State interference in “parents’ fundamental right to raise their children except in cases where the child is threatened with harm.” Beagle, 678 So. 2d at 1275-76. Indeed, we have previously stated that, in Florida, an individual’s “fundamental liberty interest in parenting . . . is specifically protected by our [state constitutional] privacy provision.” Id. at 1275.
Moreover, “we recognize the sanctity of the biological connection” between parents and children, and thus, “we look carefully at anything that would sever the biological parent-child link.” Baby E.A.W., 658 So. 2d at 967. With respect to the link between a biological father and his child, we have previously explained that constitutional protection of the individual’s right to be a parent applies “when an unwed [biological] father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in raising his child.” Id. at 966-67. The approach this Court has taken regarding the rights of biological but unwed fathers echoes the United States Supreme Court’s recognition that a biological father’s constitutional rights are inchoate and develop into a fundamental right to be a parent “[w]hen an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by ‘com[ing] forward to participate in the rearing of his child,’ . . . [because] his interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection under the due process clause.” Lehr, 463 U.S. at 261 (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380, 392, 398 n.7 (1979)).
When the Due Process Clause is “invoked in a novel context,” the United States Supreme Court has explained that the inquiry should begin “with a determination of the precise nature of the private interest that is threatened by the State.” Lehr, 463 U.S. at 256. Although the dissent asserts that the majority skips an important step in analyzing the due process claim, the case it relies on for this proposition, Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934), concerns an issue of criminal procedure, a far cry from the “liberty” interest in parents’ fundamental right to the “care, custody, and control of their children.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65. As explained by the United States Supreme Court in Troxel:
The liberty interest at issue in this case — the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children — is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court. More than 75 years ago, in Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399, 401 (1923), we held that the “liberty” protected by the Due Process Clause includes the right of parents to “establish a home and bring up children” and “to control the education of their own.” Two years later, in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-535 (1925), we again held that the “liberty of parents and guardians” includes the right “to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” We explained in Pierce that “[t]he child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations.” Id., at 535. We returned to the subject in Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944), and again confirmed that there is a constitutional dimension to the right of parents to direct the upbringing of their children. “It is cardinal with us that the custody, care and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder.” Id., at 166.
In subsequent cases also, we have recognized the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children. See, e.g., Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972) (“It is plain that the interest of a parent in the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children ‘come[s] to this Court with a momentum for respect lacking when appeal is made to liberties which derive merely from shifting economic arrangements’ ” (citation omitted)); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 232 (1972) (“The history and culture of Western civilization reflect a strong tradition of parental concern for the nurture and upbringing of their children. This primary role of the parents in the upbringing of their children is now established beyond debate as an enduring American tradition”); Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978) (“We have recognized on numerous occasions that the relationship between parent and child is constitutionally protected”); Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 602 (1979) (“Our jurisprudence historically has reflected Western civilization concepts of the family as a unit with broad parental authority over minor children. Our cases have consistently followed that course”); Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982) (discussing “[t]he fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and management of their child”); [Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997)] (“In a long line of cases, we have held that, in addition to the specific freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights, the ‘liberty’ specially protected by the Due Process Clause includes the righ[t] . . . to direct the education and upbringing of one’s children” (citingMeyer and Pierce)). In light of this extensive precedent, it cannot now be doubted that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.
Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65-66.
Further, in the dissent’s assertion that the majority of this Court “improperly constitutionalize[s]” its preferences and “impose[s] them upon the rest of the citizenry,” dissenting op. at 64, the dissent relies on a plurality opinion written by Justice Scalia in Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 122 (1989), and a view actually called into question by two of those concurring in the plurality. See id. at 132 (O’Connor, J., concurring in part). Rather, it would appear that it is the dissent that is attempting to impose its personal preferences for a view of family.
The legal parameters and definitions of parents, marriage, and family have undergone major changes in the past several decades, from holding a state’s ban on interracial marriage unconstitutional, see Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), to recognizing the fundamental right to be a parent even for unmarried couples, see Stanley, 405 U.S. 645. In fact, although not impacting our ultimate analysis, as the United States Supreme Court has recently declared in acknowledging that many states have extended the definition of family to permit the legal marriage of same-sex couples, federal law may not infringe upon the rights of those couples “to enhance their own liberty” and to enjoy protection “in personhood and dignity.” United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675, 2694 (2013).
In this case, the biological mother asserts that she has a protected constitutional interest to be a parent to her child, which is a fundamental right unquestionably protected by the Florida and federal Due Process Clauses and specifically by Florida’s state constitutional privacy provision. While acknowledging that a mere biological link between parent and child is insufficient to merit substantial constitutional protection, the biological mother argues that we should analogize the nature of her interest to the interest possessed by unwed biological fathers, whose parental rights are inchoate but develop into a fundamental right to be a parent when the biological father demonstrates “a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood.”T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 261. We agree.
This Court has previously stated that the biological relationship between parent and child provides “the opportunity to assume parental responsibilities.” Doe, 543 So. 2d at 748. In other words, although an unmarried man who impregnates an unmarried woman does not automatically have a fundamental right to be a parent to the child, his right to be a parent develops substantial constitutional protection as a fundamental right if he assumes responsibility for the care and raising of that child. See Baby E.A.W., 658 So. 2d at 966-67.
In Lehr, the United States Supreme Court articulated the “significance of the biological connection” between parent and child, which the Court described as the biological father’s “opportunity that no other male possesses to develop a relationship with his offspring.” 463 U.S. at 262. If the biological father “grasps that opportunity and accepts some measure of responsibility for the child’s future,” the Court explained, then “he may enjoy the blessings of the parent-child relationship and make uniquely valuable contributions to the child’s development.” Id. As the United States Supreme Court has pronounced and this Court has stated, therefore, a biological connection gives rise to an inchoate right to be a parent that may develop into a protected fundamental constitutional right based on the actions of the parent. See Baby E.A.W., 658 So. 2d at 966-67.
In this case, the biological connection between mother and daughter is not in dispute. See T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 789. Additionally, T.M.H. and her former partner D.M.T. demonstrated an intent to jointly raise the child through their actions before and after the child’s birth, and T.M.H. actively participated as a parent for the first several years of the child’s life. Importantly for constitutional purposes, T.M.H. also assumed full parental responsibilities until her contact with her child was suddenly cut off. In this way, this case is wholly unlike cases such as Lamaritata v. Lucas, 823 So. 2d 316, 319 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002), relied on by the dissent, where the parties seeking the assistance of reproductive technology “joined forces solely for the purpose of artificially inseminating Ms. Lamaritata” and specifically agreed that the individual providing genetic material would not have any rights or obligations with respect to the child.
This case is also completely different from cases involving nonparents seeking to establish legal rights to a child, such as Beagle, 678 So. 2d 1271, which involved grandparents’ rights, and Troxel, which is relied on by the dissent. Troxel concerned a state nonparental visitation statute described as “breathtakingly broad,” permitting “[a]ny person” to petition the court for visitation rights “at any time,” and the court to grant such visitation rights whenever “visitation may serve the best interest of the child.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 61, 67.
Contrary to Troxel, which involved a nonparent, there is no doubt that the common law would grant constitutional due process and privacy protection, in the form of a fundamental right to be a parent, to an unwed biological father in this situation who had the proverbial one night stand with a mother but then assumed parental responsibilities for the first several years of the child’s life. Of course, the common law was developed before the scientific advancements in reproductive technology that allow individuals to exercise their basic right and desire to have children in ways that were not contemplated by society centuries or even decades ago.
As explained by the Fifth District in this case, it is difficult to understand how rigid legal rules “established during a time so far removed in history when the science of in vitro fertilization was a remote thought in the minds of the scientists of the times [have] much currency today.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 796. Although the right to procreate has long been described as “one of the basic civil rights” individuals hold, Skinner, 316 U.S. at 541, advances in science and technology now provide innumerable ways for traditional and non-traditional couples alike to conceive a child and, we conclude, in so doing to exercise their “inalienable rights . . . to enjoy and defend life and liberty, [and] to pursue happiness.” Art. I, § 2, Fla. Const.; see Grissom, 293 So. 2d at 62. The Fifth District cogently explained this proposition as follows:
Our analysis reveals that there is nothing in chapter 742, and specifically section 742.14, that addresses the situation where the child has both a biological mother and a birth mother who were engaged in a committed relationship for many years and who decided to have a child to love and raise together as equal parental partners. This is a unique case, and the appellate courts in Florida have never before considered a case quite like it. Based on the facts and circumstances of this case, we can discern no legally valid reason to deprive either woman of parental rights to this child. The women were in a committed relationship for many years and both decided and agreed to have a child born out of that relationship to love and raise as their own and to share parental rights and responsibilities in rearing that child. Specifically, when it was discovered that [the birth mother] was infertile, both women agreed to have ova removed from [the biological mother], to have them artificially inseminated with the sperm of a donor, and to have the ova inserted into [the birth mother’s] womb, in order to conceive a child that they would raise together as parental partners. After the child was born, both women were parents to the child and equally cared for the child for several years.
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 790.
It would indeed be anomalous if, under Florida law, an unwed biological father would have more constitutionally protected rights to parent a child after a one night stand than an unwed biological mother who, with a committed partner and as part of a loving relationship, planned for the birth of a child and remains committed to supporting and raising her own daughter. As the Fifth District stated, “it would pose a substantial equal protection problem to deny an unwed genetic mother the ability to assert parental rights after she established a parental relationship with her child while allowing an unwed genetic father to do so.”T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 797 n.8.
Although the biological mother in this case is seeking vindication of her right to be a parent to her child, this right comes with critical legal and financial responsibilities, including possible child support payments. See § 61.29, Fla. Stat. (2012) (“The following principles establish the public policy of the State of Florida in the creation of the child support guidelines: (1) Each parent has a fundamental obligation to support his or her minor or legally dependent child.”). Unquestionably, these responsibilities are part and parcel of the fundamental right to be a parent. T.M.H., the biological mother, demonstrated her commitment to accepting these responsibilities until her contact with the child was cut off. Because T.M.H. accepted responsibility for raising her child from the beginning and did in fact parent and support the child until D.M.T. prevented her from doing so, we hold that T.M.H.’s inchoate interest has developed into a protected fundamental right to be a parent to her child.
2. Abridgment of Fundamental Right
We subject statutes that interfere with an individual’s fundamental rights to strict scrutiny analysis, which requires the State to prove that the legislation furthers a compelling governmental interest through the least intrusive means. See N. Fla. Women’s Health & Counseling Servs., Inc. v. State, 866 So. 2d 612, 625 n.16 (Fla. 2003); see also Winfield v. Div. of Pari-Mutuel Wagering, Dep’t of Bus. Regulation, 477 So. 2d 544, 547 (Fla. 1985) (stating that Florida’s “right of privacy is a fundamental right which . . . demands the compelling state interest standard”). It is well settled that “a law that impinges upon a fundamental right explicitly or implicitly secured by the Constitution is presumptively unconstitutional.” City of Mobile, Ala. v. Bolden, 446 U.S. 55, 76 (1980). Indeed, the Constitution “provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests,” including the right “to have children.” Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 720.
In this case, it is clear that application of section 742.14 forces the automatic statutory relinquishment of T.M.H.’s “right to form a parental relationship with her child and to continue to participate in raising the child as a parent as she had done for several years after the child was born.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 796. We have concluded that T.M.H.’s right to maintain that relationship, as the biological parent of the child who has demonstrated “a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood,” Lehr, 463 U.S. at 261, is a fundamental right deserving of constitutional protection under the Due Process Clauses of the Florida and United States Constitutions and Florida’s constitutional privacy provision. Therefore, the burden falls on the birth mother to demonstrate that application of the assisted reproductive technology statute to deprive the biological mother of her fundamental right to be a parent furthers a compelling governmental interest through the least intrusive means. This showing has not been made.
We recognize the important role section 742.14 plays in protecting couples seeking to use assisted reproductive technology to conceive a child from parental rights claims brought by typical third-party providers of the genetic material used in assisted reproductive technology, as well as the State’s corresponding interest in furthering that objective. This case, however, does not implicate those concerns. Quite simply, based on the factual situation before us, we do not discern even a legitimate State interest in applying section 742.14 to deny T.M.H. her right to be a parent to her daughter.
This is significant to our as-applied constitutional analysis of the statutory scheme, which is intended to provide statutory protection to a “commissioning couple” from a parental rights claim by a third-party provider of biological material used in assisted reproductive technology. We therefore reject the dissent’s assertion that our analysis has no “logical end point” or “obvious stopping point,” dissenting op. at 68, as our conclusion is based on the specific facts presented in this case, as set forth in the Fifth District’s certified question, which establish that T.M.H. was an intended parent and assumed full parental responsibilities until her contact with the child was cut off.7
In recently addressing a comparable claim brought by a parent who provided biological material for use in conceiving a child through assisted reproductive technology and thereafter demonstrated a commitment to raising that child, the Virginia Supreme Court explained that “there is no compelling reason why a responsible, involved, unmarried, biological parent should never be allowed to establish legal parentage of her or his child born as a result of assisted conception.” L.F. v. Breit, 736 S.E.2d 711, 722 (Va. 2013). While the Virginia assisted conception statute is different from our own, we embrace the Virginia Supreme Court’s conclusion regarding whether a compelling interest exists.
Like the parties in the Virginia case, T.M.H. and D.M.T. were known to each other, lived together as a couple, and jointly assumed rights and responsibilities for their daughter after her birth. Indeed, the child in the Virginia case was over one year old at the time the intended father’s contact was cut off, see id. at 715, but the child in this case was almost four years old at the time D.M.T. prevented T.M.H. from having further contact with her.
We conclude that the State does not have a compelling interest in depriving T.M.H. of her right to be a parent in this situation. Accordingly, we hold that section 742.14 is unconstitutional as applied to abridge T.M.H.’s fundamental right to be a parent.
B. Classification Based on Sexual Orientation
We next address the equal protection challenge to the statute, as confronted by the Fifth District, under both the Florida and United States Constitutions. Specifically, as encompassed in the certified question, we address whether the statute is unconstitutional as applied under the Florida and federal Equal Protection Clauses by exempting heterosexual couples, but not same-sex couples, from the automatic relinquishment of parental rights when seeking the assistance of reproductive technology to conceive a child with the intent to become the child’s parents. Put another way, as Judge Monaco succinctly explained in his concurring opinion below, “[b]ut for the fact that [the biological mother] and [the birth mother] are of the same sex, we would probably consider them to be a ‘commissioning couple’ under the statute, and the outcome of this case would be easy.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 804 (Monaco, J., concurring).
The constitutional guarantee of equal protection “is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike.” City of Cleburne, Tex. v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985) (quoting Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 216 (1982)). Indeed, “the Constitution ‘neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens,’ ” which is an assurance that the law remains neutral “where the rights of persons are at stake.” Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 623 (1996) (quoting Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, J., dissenting)).
“In the absence of a fundamental right or a protected class, equal protection demands only that a distinction which results in unequal treatment bear some rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose.” Duncan v. Moore, 754 So. 2d 708, 712 (Fla. 2000). Conversely, where the equal protection challenge does abridge a fundamental right or adversely affect a protected class, a higher level of scrutiny is appropriate. See Lane v. Chiles, 698 So. 2d 260, 263 (Fla. 1997).
Sexual orientation has not been determined to constitute a protected class and therefore sexual orientation does not provide an independent basis for using heightened scrutiny to review State action that results in unequal treatment to homosexuals. See Romer, 517 U.S. at 630-32 (applying rational basis review to a state constitutional amendment banning state or local governments from providing minority protections based on sexual orientation). Further, even though our state constitution recognizes gender as a specific class, see art. I, § 2, Fla. Const., it does not separately recognize sexual orientation as a protected class, and thus we do not rely on our state’s Equal Protection Clause to apply a heightened scrutiny examination to statutes discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation. See Fla. Dep’t of Children & Families v. Adoption of X.X.G., 45 So. 3d 79, 81, 83 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (applying rational basis review to a statute prohibiting homosexuals from adopting).
Accordingly, we apply a rational basis analysis to our review of this claim. The specific question we confront is whether the classification between heterosexual and same-sex couples drawn by the assisted reproductive technology statute bears some rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose.
D.M.T. argues that defining the term “commissioning couple” in section 742.13(2), as applied in section 742.14, to include only one male and one female is related to the State’s legitimate interest in not extending rights to same-sex couples. Specifically, she cites to Florida law that declines to recognize same-sex marriages and prohibits homosexuals from adopting children. We reject this argument as unavailing for several reasons.
First, section 742.14 does not operate to grant parental rights to biological parents, but only to provide for the relinquishment of those rights in the case of the typical egg or sperm donor. In other words, section 742.14 allows a member of a “commissioning couple” to preserve his or her interest in the child conceived through assisted reproductive technology; however, that individual becomes a parent only if he or she has some legal basis to be recognized as a parent. This could be due to a biological connection plus the assumption of parental responsibilities, as we have demonstrated applies in this case, or through application of another statute. See, e.g., § 63.032(12), Fla. Stat. (2008) (defining the term “parent” to mean “a woman who gives birth to a child or a man whose consent to the adoption of the child would be required”); § 742.11, Fla. Stat. (2008) (defining the parental status of birth mothers and non-genetic, legal fathers). That is, sections 742.13 and 742.14 do not create a statutory basis for an individual who would not otherwise have parental rights to claim those rights. Therefore, because section 742.14 does not operate to grant rights, but only to eliminate rights that are already held or that may develop, any State interest that could potentially exist in not extending rights to same-sex couples is not implicated.
Second, there is no indication that the exception provided in section 742.14 for a “commissioning couple” extends only to married couples, so the state constitutional provision against same-sex marriage is also not implicated. See art. I, § 27, Fla. Const. (defining marriage as “the legal union of only one man and one woman as husband and wife” and stating that “no other legal union that is treated as marriage or the substantial equivalent thereof shall be valid or recognized”). By contrast, in the next statutory provisions, sections 742.15-16, Florida Statutes, which relate to gestational surrogacy, the Legislature has specifically provided that the “commissioning couple” must be “legally married” in order to claim protection under the statutes. See § 742.15(1), Fla. Stat. (2008). In the assisted reproductive technology statute, however, the Legislature did not include an additional marriage requirement regarding an exemption from the relinquishment of parental rights with respect to the donation of eggs, sperm, or preembryos.
Third, we reject D.M.T.’s contention that recognizing T.M.H.’s parental rights in this case would undermine the State interest in providing certainty to couples using assisted reproductive technology to become parents because it would increase litigation regarding the intentions of individuals providing genetic material for use in assisted reproductive technology. No one disputes that the State has an interest in ensuring that the parental rights of children conceived through the use of assisted reproductive technology are defined by law, in making sure children have parents to care for them, and in preventing litigation that disrupts families. See, e.g., Santosky, 455 U.S. at 766 (“Two state interests are at stake in parental rights termination proceedings — a parens patriae interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child and a fiscal and administrative interest in reducing the cost and burden of such proceedings.”).
In reality, however, the issue of an unmarried mother and father’s intent under the statute, including whether they qualify as a “commissioning couple,” has been the subject of prior litigation in the courts of this state.See Janssen v. Alicea, 30 So. 3d 680, 681 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (reversing the trial court’s grant of summary judgment because a material fact existed as to whether the father of the child, who was a “close friend” of the mother, was simply a sperm donor or whether the mother and father were a “commissioning couple” who intended to jointly parent the child conceived through assisted reproductive technology);Lamaritata, 823 So. 2d at 319 (rejecting a sperm donor’s claim to parental rights because the mother and father “did not commission or contract to jointly raise the children as mother and father” but instead “joined forces solely for the purpose of artificially inseminating” the mother); L.A.L. v. D.A.L., 714 So. 2d 595, 596-97 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998) (granting a petition for writ of certiorari and directing the trial court to determine the applicability of section 742.14 where the mother and father had entered into an agreement regarding the use of assisted reproductive technology).
Since intent, pursuant to the definition of “commissioning couple” found in section 742.13(2) and used in section 742.14, is the determinative element regarding whether two individuals seeking the assistance of reproductive technology to conceive qualify as a “commissioning couple,” it is of course relevant to the inquiry. We conclude, though, that the State does not have a legitimate interest in precluding same-sex couples from being given the same opportunity as heterosexual couples to demonstrate that intent. Consistent with equal protection, a same-sex couple must be afforded the equivalent chance as a heterosexual couple to establish their intentions in using assisted reproductive technology to conceive a child.
Finally, we note that the Third District has held Florida law prohibiting same-sex couples from adopting as unconstitutional. See Adoption of X.X.G., 45 So. 3d at 92. In finding the legislative prohibition against a homosexual adopting a child to be unconstitutional as a denial of equal protection lacking a rational basis, the Third District in Adoption of X.X.G. noted that the parties in that case agreed “that gay people and heterosexuals make equally good parents,” and that no party offered a justification for the prohibition on homosexual adoption based “on any theory that homosexual persons are unfit to be parents.” Id. at 85.
Likewise, in this case, no party and no amicus curiae has advanced the argument that either T.M.H. or, for that matter, D.M.T., is unfit to be a parent. Further, no party or amicus curiae has advanced the argument that the child’s best interests would be better served by having only one loving parent rather than two.8 To the contrary, the very statute that bars T.M.H. from being considered part of a “commissioning couple” fully contemplates that D.M.T., as the birth mother, would be recognized as the mother of the child born from the couple’s use of assisted reproductive technology, even though D.M.T. has no genetic connection to the child.
We conclude that the State would be hard pressed to find a reason why a child would not be better off having two loving parents in her life, regardless of whether those parents are of the same sex, than she would by having only one parent.9 This, once again, is particularly true given that in this statute the Legislature did not limit the definition of “commissioning couple” to married individuals. Thus, as we have observed, an unmarried heterosexual couple would have the same rights to parent the resulting child, under this statute, as a married couple. Critically, the only excluded category is for individuals of the same sex.
We further conclude that this distinction is unconstitutional as applied because it lacks a rational basis.Regardless of whether the individual’s parental rights have developed into a fundamental right, as T.M.H.’s have, the distinction is unconstitutional as applied to same-sex couples because the statute does not permit same-sex couples — and only same-sex couples — to qualify as a “commissioning couple.” Accordingly, based on the reasons we have set forth, we conclude that section 742.14, in conjunction with the restrictive definition of “commissioning couple” in section 742.13(2), violates the Equal Protection Clauses of the Florida and United States Constitutions as applied in this case because it prohibited T.M.H., as part of a same-sex couple, from qualifying as a “commissioning couple.”
III. Waiver of Rights
Lastly, we address the birth mother’s contention that, regardless of the application of section 742.14 in this case, the biological mother waived any parental rights to this child by signing a standard informed consent form during the couple’s process of seeking medical assistance to conceive. The undisputed facts of this case clearly refute this argument and demonstrate that the biological mother did not expressly waive her parental rights. Instead, it is clear that the very purpose of the biological mother’s provision of the egg to her partner was to enable each party to become parents of the child they wished to conceive. This conclusion is supported by several facts, including a careful review of the informed consent form this Court has in its record, as well as the affidavit of the doctor who operated the reproductive center the couple attended.
While it is uncontroverted that the biological mother signed a standard “Informed Consent Oocyte Recipient” form for the Fertility and Reproductive Medicine Center for Women with the birth mother listed as the recipient, the biological mother signed this form as the birth mother’s partner and not as the individual providing the egg for the couple. Clearly, then, this informed consent does not on its face apply to waive the biological mother’s rights to the child, even though this is the document that the birth mother relied on in her initial motion to dismiss and motion for judgment on the pleadings.
The Fifth District addressed and rejected the birth mother’s argument that the biological mother had waived her parental rights, although the district court referenced a different preprinted form, an exact copy of which is not in this Court’s record. See T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 801. If there is another preprinted form, this form does not appear in our record, and the birth mother, as the appellant, bears the burden of producing a complete record on appeal. Significantly, the birth mother does not base her argument in this Court on the existence of this specific form and neither cites to nor quotes from this form in her brief.
In fact, the birth mother does not clearly identify the document the biological mother signed, discuss the circumstances under which this particular form was signed, or explain why the Fifth District, which specifically found this form to be inapplicable to the facts of this case, erred in concluding that the informed consent form did not waive the biological mother’s rights. Moreover, in asserting that the biological mother expressly waived her parental rights, the dissent relies on this form, an exact copy of which we do not have in the record, and on the “Informed Consent Oocyte Recipient” form, which the biological mother signed as the birth mother’s partner and not as the egg donor — neither of which can even remotely be considered conclusive.
In any event, courts that have considered similar standard informed consents used in reproductive technology have held that waiver provisions like the one referenced by the Fifth District are inapplicable in circumstances like those in this case. This is because it is uncontested that the biological mother was not an anonymous donor, but rather, that the parties were in a committed relationship where reproductive technology was used — with one woman providing her egg and the other partner bearing the child — so that both women became the child’s parents. See Matter of Sebastian, 879 N.Y.S.2d 677, 689 n.44 (N.Y. Sur. 2009) (holding that a standard egg donor waiver signed at the reproductive clinic did not apply where the biological mother had a relationship with the birth mother and only signed the waiver because there was no other way to accomplish the assisted reproductive technology procedure); K.M. v. E.G., 117 P.3d 673, 682 (Cal. 2005) (holding that an almost identical informed consent form did not waive the biological mother’s rights because a “woman who supplies ova to be used to impregnate her lesbian partner, with the understanding that the resulting child will be raised in their joint home, cannot waive her responsibility to support that child. Nor can such a purported waiver effectively cause that woman to relinquish her parental rights.”).
We reject the dissent’s reliance on Lamaritata, 823 So. 2d 316, to argue that the biological mother waived her parental rights. Lamaritata is completely distinguishable from this case. As the dissent acknowledges, the parties in Lamaritata specifically entered into a contract whereby they agreed that the donor would have no parental rights and obligations associated with any child conceived from the use of assisted reproductive technology. Id. at 318. This contract and the parties’ intentions in entering into it were never in dispute. See L.A.L., 714 So. 2d at 596-97 (setting forth the specific language of the parties’ agreement in a prior decision involving the same parties). As the Second District explained, there were “no facts to show that [the parties] ha[d] any type of relationship that would fall under the rubric of ‘couple.’ Further, they did not commission or contract to jointly raise the children as mother and father.” Lamaritata, 823 So. 2d at 319. Instead, according to the Second District, the parties in Lamaritata “joined forces solely for the purpose of artificially inseminating Ms. Lamaritata, an intent clearly set forth in the parties’ contract.” Id.
Despite the dissent’s view to the contrary, the facts of this case clearly demonstrate that exactly the opposite of the facts in Lamaritata are true here. Not only did the biological mother assume parental obligations, but the couple’s actions before and after the child’s birth — including their use of funds from their joint bank account, their statements to the reproductive doctor that they intended to raise the child as a couple, the counseling they underwent to prepare themselves for parenthood, the use of a hyphenated last name for the child, and the joint birth announcement — reveal that the couple’s agreement in actuality was to both parent the child they intended to conceive. Further, there was no issue as to the validity of the contract entered into by the parties in Lamaritata, whereas the whole point in this case is that the couple never intended for the biological mother to give up parental rights by signing a standard informed consent form in the reproductive doctor’s office.
We also reject the dissent’s reliance on Wakeman v. Dixon, 921 So. 2d 669 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006). Like the Fifth District, we conclude that Wakeman “is clearly distinguishable from the instant case because there, one lesbian partner was the birth mother and the partner claiming parental rights was not the biological mother.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 794 n.6. As the Fifth District correctly observed, the First District inWakeman held that the individual seeking parental rights was neither a “biological” nor a “natural” parent, whereas in this case, T.M.H. “would fall into both categories under the Wakeman rationale.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 794 n.6. Further, Wakeman specifically relied on cases involving nonparents, see Wakeman, 921 So. 2d at 671 (citing Beagle, 678 So. 2d 1271), which we have explained are inapplicable in this case.
Finally, in addition to the uncontroverted fact that both women in this relationship were intending to, and did, jointly raise the child as their own from the time of birth until their acrimonious separation, it is clear from the affidavit submitted by the doctor who operated the reproductive center the couple attended that any waiver of rights language in the standard forms signed as part of the couple’s process of using assisted reproductive technology would be inapplicable to this situation. The Fifth District described the doctor’s affidavit as follows:
[The biological mother] submitted at the summary judgment hearing an affidavit from the doctor who operated the reproductive center that [the parties] attended and who had personal knowledge of the services provided to both women. The testimony of the doctor reveals thatthe waiver provisions were simply part of a standard form he has all patients sign and that those provisions were inapplicable to [the parties]. In the affidavit, the doctor stated that the two women presented themselves as a couple seeking reproductive therapy, represented that they intended to raise a child together, and acted consistently with their desire to raise a child together. He further explained that the sole purpose of the form was to “inform [the biological mother] of the procedures that would be undertaken, the goals of the procedures and the risks related thereto,” and that the form was not tailored to characterize the relationship of either [party] beyond that purpose. Finally, the doctor explained that the [waiver language] “is used in situations where the donor is anonymous.”
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 801-02 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, the informed consent form signed by the biological mother has nothing to do with a release of parental rights where she was not an anonymous donor, but rather, was a full-fledged partner in the conception and raising of the child.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that application of section 742.14 as a bar to T.M.H.’s assertion of parental rights is unconstitutional. The due process guarantees in the Florida and United States Constitutions and the privacy provision of the Florida Constitution do not permit the State to deprive this biological mother of parental rights where she was an intended parent and actually established a parental relationship with the child. We further hold that sections 742.13(2) and 742.14, in providing an exception to the statutory relinquishment of parental rights for egg and sperm donors who are part of a heterosexual “commissioning couple,” but not those who are part of a same-sex couple, violate the Florida and federal Equal Protection Clauses. We therefore hold that T.M.H.’s parental rights have not been terminated by law.
Accordingly, we affirm the Fifth District’s determination of statutory unconstitutionality, answer the certified question in the affirmative, and determine that T.M.H. has a constitutionally protected interest to parent the child under the United States Constitution and separately under the Florida Constitution. However, we disapprove the Fifth District’s decision to the extent that the district court alternatively determined that the statute did not apply because the definition of “donor” in section 742.14 allows for an inquiry of subjective intent. Consistent with this opinion, we direct that this case be remanded to the trial court to determine, based on the best interests of the child, issues such as parental time-sharing and child support.
It is so ordered. (QUINCE, LABARGA, and PERRY, JJ., concur. POLSTON, C.J., dissents with an opinion in which LEWIS and CANADY, JJ., concur.)
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(POLSTON, C.J., dissenting.) Unlike the majority, I do not believe that sections 742.14 and 742.13(2), Florida Statutes, violate T.M.H.’s constitutional rights to due process, privacy, and equal protection. Instead, contract law, common law, Florida statutory law, and the United States and Florida Constitutions all provide that T.M.H. does not have parental rights with respect to the child born to D.M.T. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
I refer to the parties in this case using the birth mother’s initials, D.M.T., and the egg donor’s initials, T.M.H. The majority refers to T.M.H. as the biological mother, but the term might appear to answer the very question addressed by this Court, namely whether T.M.H. is a legal parent. Furthermore, the terms the majority uses to distinguish the parties (birth mother and biological mother) are confusing because “both the genetic and gestational roles in bringing this child into the world are ‘biological’ processes.” T.M.H. v. D.M.T., 79 So. 3d 787, 807 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (Lawson, J., dissenting).
I. Background
D.M.T. and T.M.H. were involved in relationship from 1995 until 2006. In January 2004, D.M.T. gave birth to a child who was conceived through assisted reproductive technology. T.M.H. had donated the egg. At the time of donation, T.M.H. signed two informed consent forms relinquishing any rights or claims to her eggs and to any resulting child.
Both women lived together with the child until May 2006, at which time the child began living solely with D.M.T. Initially after their separation, T.M.H. provided support payments and continued her relationship with the child. However, D.M.T. and T.M.H.’s relationship further deteriorated, and D.M.T. terminated T.M.H.’s contact with the child in December 2007.
In April 2008, T.M.H. filed a petition to establish parental rights and for declaratory relief. She later filed an amended petition and a second amended petition. In her second amended petition, T.M.H. requested the following relief: (1) an adjudication of parentage pursuant to chapter 742, Florida Statutes; (2) a declaration that chapter 742 provides a mechanism for determining maternity or, alternatively, if it just provides a mechanism for determining paternity, a declaration that it violates her constitutional rights to equal protection and due process under the Florida and United States Constitutions; (3) a declaration that chapter 382, Florida Statutes, regarding birth certificates, unconstitutionally infringes her rights to due process and equal protection under the Florida and United States Constitutions; and (4) a declaration that section 742.14 violates her right to privacy under the Florida Constitution and her right to equal protection under the Florida and United States Constitutions. T.M.H.’s petition acknowledged that she had signed an informed consent form waiving her rights to any offspring created, but she argued that the form was inconsistent with her and D.M.T.’s true intent.
After first moving to quash service of process and moving to dismiss, D.M.T. answered T.M.H.’s complaint and moved for summary judgment. D.M.T. conceded that she and T.M.H. had raised the child together for a period of time; however, D.M.T. did not concede that at the time of T.M.H.’s egg donation the two had intended to co-parent any resulting child. In fact, her answer expressly denied that allegation. Instead, D.M.T. argued that summary judgment was proper, despite this disputed factual issue, because T.M.H. lacked parental rights to the child born to D.M.T. as a matter of law. In addition, D.M.T. asserted multiple affirmative defenses: (1) T.M.H. voluntarily executed a waiver of all her rights and claims; (2) section 742.14 provides that a donor of any biological material relinquishes all rights; and (3) the United States and Florida Constitutions provide D.M.T. with an absolute right to privacy to parent the child without any interference from T.M.H.
During the summary judgment hearing, T.M.H. did not elaborate on the cursory constitutional claims she set forth in her petition. Instead, T.M.H.’s counsel obliquely stated that D.M.T. was asking the trial court “to interpret these statutes and to erase the blood lineage that exists between T.M.H. and the child” and that “to apply [Lamaritata v. Lucas, 823 So. 2d 316 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002),] to the instant situation would in my opinion be unconstitutional because [T.M.H.] is the biological parent and because this is really the only way that they could have a child.” Then, after referencing Florida’s gestational surrogacy statute (which is not at issue in this case), T.M.H.’s counsel vaguely mentioned equal protection in connection with a constitutional right to procreate:
Florida law clearly recognizes that most everybody has a constitutional right to procreate and raise a child. It doesn’t distinguish between same-sex couples or heterosexual couples. It just says that everybody has the right to procreate.
Now, if a same-sex couple wants to have a child, they can [sic] adopt a child under the existing State of Florida law. But there is nothing that prevents them from going to a fertility specialist and asking that a child, not be engineered but a procedure be undertaken so that a child can be born. If you consider every single one of those situations, as one in which one parent is a donor and the other is not, and you then interpret the statute to say that the donor loses all rights to that child when the parties break up and the birth parent decides that they don’t want to be involved in the situation anymore, then what you are doing is you’re depriving one of those parties of equal protection under the law because you have a situation where people have a constitutional right to procreate.
After the hearing, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of D.M.T. The trial court’s order explained that “[t]he law does not recognize the rights of a biological mother versus a birth mother.” Additionally, the trial court stated that “[s]ame sex partners do not meet the definition of ‘commissioning couples’ as defined in [c]hapter 742,” and that “[a]n agreement or contract between the parties, and/or previous course of conduct, does not create any rights in [T.M.H.] to the minor child.” Therefore, the trial court ruled that, “under the current state of the law, the Court cannot find any rights that [T.M.H.] would have with regard to the minor child herein.”
On appeal to the Fifth District Court of Appeal, T.M.H. contended that D.M.T.’s statutory right to parent is not a superior interest over T.M.H.’s fundamental right to parent. And “[t]o apply Florida Statutes in such a manner as to deprive [T.M.H.] of those fundamental rights deprives her of equal protection under the law and the right to due process.” Moreover, T.M.H. claimed that, despite the existence of the informed consent form waiving her parental rights, sufficient conflict in the record exists to merit an evidentiary hearing. D.M.T. responded that T.M.H., as an egg donor, statutorily relinquished any claim to the resulting child and that T.M.H. also voluntarily signed a contractual waiver of parental rights at the time of donation. Furthermore, D.M.T. argued that she has a fundamental right to the love and companionship of her child under both the United States and Florida Constitutions.
The Fifth District reversed the trial court, holding that section 742.14 is inapplicable because T.M.H. did not fall within the statutory definition of “donor” since she and D.M.T. intended to co-parent the resulting child. T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 792. The Fifth District further held that the trial court’s interpretation and application of section 742.14 infringed upon T.M.H.’s parental rights and her right to procreate in violation of both the United States and Florida Constitutions. Id. at 793-94, 798. Finally, the Fifth District concluded that T.M.H.’s contractual waiver was ineffective because T.M.H. was not a donor but was instead D.M.T.’s partner. Id. at 801-02.
Based on the above procedural history, two things are abundantly clear. First, the constitutional claims that the majority analyzes are not actually before this Court because they were not properly raised and preserved below. Although in her complaint T.M.H. alleged that section 742.14 violated her rights to equal protection under the United States and Florida Constitutions and her right to privacy under the Florida Constitution, “the record does not reflect that [T.M.H.] ever advanced any coherent legal theory, analysis or argument in support of these constitutional claims.” Id. at 815 (Lawson, J., dissenting). Additionally, despite the majority’s discussion of the federal and Florida substantive due process clauses, T.M.H.’s complaint never alleged a violation of her rights under those clauses. Accordingly, the constitutional challenges to sections 742.14 and 742.13(2) that the majority discusses were not preserved, and this Court has no ability to reverse the trial court’s ruling in favor of D.M.T. on that basis. See Tillman v. State, 471 So. 2d 32, 35 (Fla. 1985) (“In order to be preserved for further review by a higher court, an issue must be presented to the lower court and the specific legal argument or ground to be argued on appeal or review must be part of that presentation if it is to be considered preserved.”).
Second, contrary to the majority’s (and the Fifth District’s) repeated statements that it is undisputed that T.M.H. and D.M.T. intended to co-parent any child resulting from T.M.H.’s egg donation, the record indicates that the parties’ intentions are very much in dispute in this case. As explained above, D.M.T. never conceded that she and T.M.H. had jointly agreed to co-parent, and the trial court decided this case on a motion for summary judgment without an evidentiary hearing. In fact, T.M.H. argued before the trial court as well as the Fifth District that a factual dispute exists as to her intentions regarding her egg donation and that an evidentiary hearing should be required to resolve the factual dispute. Therefore, the majority misstates the undisputed nature of the parties’ intentions in this case, and any of the majority’s reasoning based upon that misstatement is inappropriate.
II. Contractual Waiver
As explained above, T.M.H. signed at the time of her egg donation two waivers of all claims and rights she might have regarding any resulting child. Specifically, the informed consent donor form that T.M.H. signed at the time she donated her eggs includes the following language:
I, the undersigned, [T.M.H.,] forever hereafter relinquish any claims to jurisdiction over the offspring that might result from this donation and waive any and all rights to future consent, notice, or consultation regarding the donation. I agree that the recipient may regard the donated eggs as her own and any offspring resulted there from as her own children.
In addition to this informed consent donor form, T.M.H. also signed an “Informed Consent Oocyte Recipient” form on the line reserved for the recipient’s partner. And, very similar to the donor form, the recipient form provides as follows:
I/We understand that the egg donor has relinquished any claim to, or jurisdiction over the offspring that might result from this donation and waive any and all rights to future consent, notice, or consultation regarding such donation. The donor understands that the recipient may regard the donated eggs as her own and any offspring resulting there from as her own children.
Therefore, T.M.H. signed two contracts that expressly waived any rights she might have with respect to any child resulting from her egg donation.
A person may waive fully vested, fundamental parental rights by completing a form. See, e.g., § 39.806(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (providing that grounds for the termination of parental rights may be established “[w]hen the parent or parents have voluntarily executed a written surrender of the child and consented to the entry of an order giving custody of the child to the department for subsequent adoption”); Matter of Adoption of Doe, 543 So. 2d 741, 744 (Fla. 1989) (“Absent a finding of fraud, duress, or undue influence, a natural parent’s consent to an adoption is valid and irrevocable upon execution of the written consent.”) (quoting Matter of Adoption of Doe, 524 So. 2d 1037, 1041 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988)); Hall v. Hall, 672 So. 2d 60, 62 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996) (“Under Florida law, the birth mother’s written consent to the wife’s adoption of the child is valid and irrevocable.”). In fact, a genetic father’s execution of a written waiver of his parental rights was found to be enforceable as freely and voluntarily executed even though it was presented to him without his counsel present. In the Interest of D.M.W., 623 So. 2d 634, 635-36 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993). Further, as recognized by this Court in Chames v. DeMayo, 972 So. 2d 850, 860-61 (Fla. 2007), individuals may waive various constitutional rights, including the right to counsel, the right to remain silent, and the right to a jury.
If one can waive fully vested parental rights and various constitutional rights by signing a written form, an egg donor can certainly waive any potential interest in a possible future child by completing a form. Consequently, I would give effect to the plain language of the two forms that T.M.H. signed and conclude that T.M.H. contractually waived any claim of parental rights. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Menendez, 70 So. 3d 566, 569 (Fla. 2011) (“[W]e are bound by the plain meaning of the contract’s text.”).
The majority dismisses the contracts that T.M.H. signed, stating that an exact copy of one of the two forms, specifically the donor form, is not present in our record. However, T.M.H. readily acknowledged in her complaint and elsewhere that she signed a waiver as part of her informed consent as an egg donor. Furthermore, the relevant language from the donor form was quoted in the Fifth District’s opinion and exists in our record as well because it was read by D.M.T.’s attorney during the hearing on the motion for summary judgment and is included in the transcript of that proceeding. Additionally, exact copies of the “Informed Consent Oocyte Recipient” form are repeatedly present in our record.
The majority also states that it would ignore any contractual waivers signed by T.M.H. anyway, even if an exact copy of the donor form was in our record. In reaching this conclusion, the majority relies on one case from New York and one from California. The majority fails to cite any Florida law for its proposition, either cases involving the enforcement of contracts in general or cases involving the contractual waiver of rights in circumstances similar to this one. Notably, the Second District Court of Appeal’s decision in Lamaritata, 823 So. 2d 316, is very persuasively on point.
In Lamaritata, a donor and recipient “entered into a contract whereby the donor would provide sperm to [the] recipient with the expectation that she would become pregnant through artificial insemination and deliver offspring.” 823 So. 2d at 318 (quoting L.A.L. v. D.A.L., 714 So. 2d 595, 596 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998), an earlier decision involving the same parties). Further, their “agreement provided that if childbirth resulted, the donor would have no parental rights and obligations.” Id. The Second District held that “[b]oth the contract between the parties and the Florida statute controlling these arrangements provide that there are no parental rights or responsibilities resulting to the donor of sperm.” Id. at 319 (citing § 742.14, Fla. Stat.). As a result, “the sperm donor is a nonparent, a statutory stranger to the children.” Id. The donor’s status as a nonparent continued to be true, even though the donor and recipient “entered into subsequent stipulations, purportedly to give visitation rights to this [donor.]” Id. The Second District explained that the subsequent visitation rights agreement between the parties was not enforceable because “[t]here are numerous Florida cases holding that nonparents are not entitled to visitation rights.” Id.
In this case, like the donor in Lamaritata, T.M.H. signed a contract at the time of donation waiving any claims or rights to any potential child. And similar to the parties in Lamaritata, T.M.H. and D.M.T. agreed at some point to co-parent the child as evidenced by T.M.H. participating in parenting decisions for a period of time after the child’s birth, although the parenting agreement in this case appears to have been oral and not formally executed. However, just as the Second District concluded in Lamaritata, I would hold that the donor in this case is a nonparent by operation of the waivers of rights she signed (as well as by operation of section 742.14). Because T.M.H. is not a legal parent, any agreement, oral or otherwise, that may have existed between the parties for T.M.H. to co-parent is unenforceable under Florida law. SeeWakeman v. Dixon, 921 So. 2d 669 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006) (holding that written agreement between same-sex couple providing parental rights to non-birth mother was unenforceable even though the non-birth mother had provided support and had been a de facto parent for years); Kazmierazak v. Query, 736 So. 2d 106 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (concluding that “psychological parent” was not entitled to visitation or custody); Taylor v. Kennedy, 649 So. 2d 270 (Fla. 5th DCA 1994) (holding that visitation and support agreement between man who formerly lived with mother of a child was unenforceable because “Florida courts do not recognize a claim for specific performance of a contract for visitation in favor of a non-parent”); O’Dell v. O’Dell, 629 So. 2d 891 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993) (reversing visitation for a divorced man and former stepson and explaining that the Second District “has repeatedly reversed orders giving visitation rights to nonparents”).
Accordingly, I would give effect to the plain language of the two waivers that T.M.H. signed at the time of donation, two contracts that expressly state that T.M.H. “relinquish[es] any claims to jurisdiction over the offspring that might result” and that D.M.T. “may regard the donated eggs as her own and any offspring resulted there from as her own children.”
III. Florida’s Assisted Reproductive Technology Statute
Similar to the contractual waivers that T.M.H. signed, section 742.14, entitled “Donation of eggs, sperm, or preembryos,” provides the following:
The donor of any egg, sperm, or preembryo, other than the commissioning couple or a father who has executed a preplanned adoption agreement under s. 63.212, shall relinquish all maternal or paternal rights and obligations with respect to the donation or the resulting children. Only reasonable compensation directly related to the donation of eggs, sperm, and preembryos shall be permitted.
Section 742.13(2), Florida Statutes, defines “[c]ommissioning couple” as “the intended mother and father of a child who will be conceived by means of assisted reproductive technology using the eggs or sperm of at least one of the intended parents.”
The purpose of this statute is to define the rights of parties who use assisted reproductive technology to conceive and to thereby provide certainty and stability for parents and children. “When construing a statute, this Court attempts to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, looking first to the actual language used in the statute and its plain meaning.” Trinidad v. Fla. Peninsula Ins. Co., 121 So. 3d 433, 439 (Fla. 2013).
Here, the plain language of section 742.14 applies to T.M.H. as “[t]he donor of any egg.” As the majority accurately explains, “[t]he plain language of section 742.14 does not provide for the subjective intentions of someone in T.M.H.’s position to be taken into consideration in determining whether he or she is a ‘donor’ under the terms of the statute.” Majority op. at 15. And T.M.H. does not fall within the definition of a “commissioning couple” delineated in section 742.13(2) as she cannot be considered “the intended mother and father.” Therefore, pursuant to the plain language of section 742.14, T.M.H. has no “rights and obligations with respect to the donation or the resulting child[.]” T.M.H. “is a nonparent, a statutory stranger to the child[.]” Lamaritata, 823 So. 2d at 319. The operation of this statute is in addition to and duplicative of T.M.H.’s contractual waiver of any rights or claims to the child.
Accordingly, under both Florida contract law and Florida statutory law, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of D.M.T.
IV. D.M.T.’s Constitutional Rights
D.M.T. has consistently argued throughout this case that her constitutional rights as the child’s legal parent bar T.M.H.’s claims for visitation and parental rights, and I agree.
“Both the United States and Florida Constitutions protect individuals from arbitrary and unreasonable governmental interference with a person’s right to life, liberty, and property.” State v. Robinson, 873 So. 2d 1205, 1212 (Fla. 2004) (citing U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV; art. I, § 9, Fla. Const.).
“[A]s the natural and legal mother of the child, D.M.T. enjoys protection under both the United States Constitution and the Florida Constitution against interference with her parental rights.” T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 807 (Lawson, J., dissenting). In fact, D.M.T.’s “liberty interest at issue in this case — the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children — is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.” Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). And “[t]he interest of a parent in the upbringing of his or her children has been acknowledged by this Court as a fundamental liberty interest under the Florida right to privacy.” Heart of Adoptions, Inc. v. J.A., 963 So. 2d 189, 206 (Fla. 2007) (Lewis, C.J., concurring in result only) (citing Beagle v. Beagle, 678 So. 2d 1271, 1275 (Fla. 1996)).
Providing T.M.H. access to visitation and other incidents of a parental relationship over D.M.T.’s objection would violate D.M.T.’s due process and privacy rights as the child’s legal parent. See Wakeman, 921 So. 2d at 671 (holding that co-parenting agreement between same-sex couple was unenforceable and explaining that a non-legal parent “cannot be granted by statute the right to visitation with minor children, because, absent evidence of a demonstrable harm to the child, such a grant unconstitutionally interferes with a natural parent’s privacy right to rear his or her child”); see also Von Eiff v. Azicri, 720 So. 2d 510 (Fla. 1998) (holding that grandparent visitation statute unconstitutionally interfered with the legal parent’s fundamental right to rear a child).
V. The Majority’s Substantive
Due Process & Privacy Analysis
The majority skips any analysis of D.M.T.’s constitutional rights as the legal parent. Instead, the majority concludes as a matter of substantive due process and privacy that, because T.M.H. at some point established a relationship with the child, the promotion of stability and certainty in families employing assisted reproductive technology is an insufficient state interest to support the termination of that relationship. The majority’s conclusion is based upon its argument that T.M.H. has a fundamental interest in her relationship with the child that is protected by the due process clauses of the United States and Florida Constitutions and the privacy clause of the Florida Constitution.
But contrary to the majority’s description of the asserted interest as the elimination of an already established parental relationship, section 742.14 operates at the time of donation to eliminate any interests or obligations a sperm donor or egg donor may have with regard to a future, potential child. At the time of the donation of biological material, any interest in a potential parental relationship would have to be deemed an inchoate interest and not even possibly a fundamental interest protected by the due process and privacy clauses as there is indisputably no child or parental relationship with a child at that point. See Adoption of Doe, 543 So. 2d at 748 (explaining that “it is the assumption of the parental responsibilities which is of constitutional significance”); G.F.C. v. S.G., 686 So. 2d 1382, 1385-86 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (holding that a genetic father who has not acted as a parent does not have any protected liberty interest in the child under the Florida or federal constitutions); § 63.022(1)(e), Fla. Stat. (“An unmarried biological father has an inchoate interest that acquires constitutional protection only when he demonstrates a timely and full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood[.]”).
Moreover, the majority’s analysis ignores a vital aspect of substantive due process jurisprudence. The United States Supreme Court has recognized the temptation for members of a court to improperly constitutionalize their own preferences and thereby impose them upon the rest of the citizenry in perpetuity and, therefore, has “insisted not merely that the interest denominated as a ‘liberty’ be ‘fundamental’ (a concept that, in isolation, is hard to objectify), but also that it be an interest traditionally protected by our society.” Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 122 (1989) (footnote omitted). In other words, due process only affords protections to rights “so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.” Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934). “This insistence that the asserted liberty interest be rooted in history and tradition is evident, as elsewhere, in [United States Supreme Court] cases according constitutional protection to certain parental rights.” Michael H., 491 U.S. at 123; see also Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 256 (1983) (“It is self-evident that [the connections between parents and children] are sufficiently vital to merit constitutional protection in appropriate cases. In deciding whether this is such a case, however, we must consider the broad framework that hastraditionally been used to resolve the legal problems arising from the parent-child relationship.”) (emphasis added).
Without discussing, as required by Snyder, whether the asserted interest is rooted in history and tradition, the majority concludes that T.M.H. has a fundamental right to parent the child in this case by reading Lehras establishing that a fundamental right is created when genetic parenthood is combined with the establishment of a parental relationship. However, a plurality of the United States Supreme Court has emphatically stated that this reading of Lehr (as well as this reading of its other parental rights cases) “distorts the rationale of those cases.” Michael H., 491 U.S. at 123. According to the United States Supreme Court, Lehr and its other parental rights cases “rest not upon such isolated factors but upon the historic respect — indeed, sanctity would not be too strong a term — traditionally accorded to the relationships that develop within the unitary family.” Id. (footnote omitted).
Therefore, based upon the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of its own precedent, the substantive due process issue in the present case really comes down to whether relationships like the one between T.M.H. and the child born to D.M.T. “ha[ve] been treated as a protected family unit under the historic practices of our society, or whether on any other basis [they have] been accorded special protection.” Id. at 124. Of course, it is impossible to conclude that such relationships have been treated in this manner. In fact, our history indicates that quite the opposite is true as our society has historically protected the legal rights of birth mothers and the traditional family.
Historically, the birth mother was the only legal mother of a child. As a New York court has explained, “[a]t common law, parentage derived from two events, a child’s birth to its ‘mother,’ and the mother’s marriage to a man. Children born out-of-wedlock had only one legal parent, their birth mother.” In re Matter of Sebastian, 879 N.Y.S.2d 677, 679 (N.Y. Sur. 2009); see also Gossett v. Ullendorff, 154 So. 177, 181 (Fla. 1934) (explaining that a “wife is not permitted to deny the parentage of children born during wedlock” because “maternity is never uncertain”). Later, legislatures provided for paternity proceedings to legally establish the parental rights and obligations of unwed, genetic fathers in certain circumstances as well as for adoption. See, e.g., § 742.10, Fla. Stat; ch. 63, Fla. Stat. But “[Florida] law, like nature itself, makes no provision for dual [mother]hood,” either historically or presently. Michael H., 491 U.S. at 118; cf. art. I, § 27, Fla. Const. (defining marriage in Florida as “the legal union of only one man and one woman”).10 For example, section 39.01(49), Florida Statutes, defines “[p]arent” as “a woman who gives birth to a child and a man whose consent to the adoption of the child would be required under s. 63.062(1),” and section 63.032(12), Florida Statutes, similarly defines “[p]arent” as “a woman who gives birth to a child and who is not a gestational surrogate as defined in s. 742.13 or a man whose consent to the adoption of the child would be required under s. 63.062(1).” See also § 382.002(11), Fla. Stat. (“ ‘Live birth’ means the complete expulsion or extraction of a product of human conception from its mother[.]”); § 382.013(1)(g), Fla. Stat. (requiring the listing of the child’s birth mother on the birth certificate as a legal parent).
Accordingly, “the claim that a State must recognize multiple [mother]hood has no support in the history or traditions of this country.” Michael H., 491 U.S. at 131. And because it lacks this support, any substantive due process claim raised by T.M.H. (if one, in fact, had been properly raised and preserved) must fail. SeeSnyder, 291 U.S. at 105 (explaining that due process only affords protections to liberty interests “so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental”).
But not only does the majority’s analysis skip the vital question of whether the alleged right is “so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental,”11 it also suffers from the problem of having no seeming or logical end point. Does the majority’s analysis now mean that section 742.14 is unconstitutional as applied to all sperm and egg donors since they are also denied the opportunity to develop parental relationships with children resulting from their biological material? Or perhaps the majority would limit its holding to those sperm and egg donors who may later develop relationships with resulting children despite the operation of the statute? However, does this mean that a child could have a constitutional right to two mothers and a father (or two fathers), perhaps where a married, heterosexual couple agrees to and then subsequently raises a child with the egg donor, an egg donor who is in a committed relationship with a man other than the genetic father? Or perhaps this new constitutional right to employ assisted reproductive technology without the relinquishment of any donor rights and obligations only applies to those in same-sex relationships? Additionally, does this newly created constitutional right now override all waivers of parental rights, including voluntary waivers leading to adoption?
Based upon the above, it is clear that the majority’s substantive due process analysis is flawed and lacks an obvious stopping point even though the majority repeatedly states that its holding only extends to the particular circumstances of this case.
VI. Equal Protection
The majority also concludes that sections 742.14 and 742.13(2) violate the equal protection clauses of the United States and Florida Constitutions by “exempting heterosexual couples, but not same-sex couples, from the automatic relinquishment of parental rights when seeking the assistance of reproductive technology to conceive a child with the intent to become the child’s parents.” Majority op. at 32. It reaches this conclusion by applying a rational basis analysis and assuming that there is no legitimate state purpose behind these statutes. However, the Legislature had a legitimate state purpose in enacting these statutes.
“Under a ‘rational basis’ standard of review a court should inquire only whether it is conceivable that the regulatory classification bears some rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose[:]”
The burden is upon the party challenging the statute or regulation to show that there is noconceivable factual predicate which would rationally support the classification under attack. Where the challenging party fails to meet this difficult burden, the statute or regulation must be sustained.
Fla. High Sch. Activities Ass’n v. Thomas, 434 So. 2d 306, 308 (Fla. 1983); see also Westerheide v. State, 831 So. 2d 93, 112 (Fla. 2002). It is not the judiciary’s task under the rational basis standard “to determine whether the legislation achieves its intended goal in the best manner possible, but only whether the goal is legitimate and the means to achieve it are rationally related to the goal.” Loxahatchee River Envtl. Control Dist. v. Sch. Bd. of Palm Beach Cnty., 496 So. 2d 930, 938 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986). “Some inequality or imprecision will not render a statute invalid.” Acton v. Ft. Lauderdale Hosp., 440 So. 2d 1282, 1284 (Fla. 1983).
The rationale underlying sections 742.14 and 742.13(2) is the promotion of stability, certainty, and permanence in families employing assisted reproductive technology. And the State has a legitimate interest in regulating assisted reproductive technology and its social and economic effects. See § 63.022(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (“The state has a compelling interest in providing stable and permanent homes for adoptive children[.]”); In re T.W., 551 So. 2d 1186, 1194 (Fla. 1989) (“[W]here parental rights over a minor child are concerned, society has recognized additional state interests — protection of the immature minor and preservation of the family unit.”); Griffin v. State, 396 So. 2d 152, 155 (Fla. 1981) (“The well-being of children is a subject within the state’s constitutional power to regulate.”). The statutes are rationally related to this legitimate interest since allowing claims of parentage by egg and sperm donors could disrupt the certainty, stability, and permanence that generally proves beneficial to families employing assisted reproductive technology, including the constitutionally protected parental rights of legal birth mothers “to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 66. Accordingly, because it pursues a legitimate purpose by rational means, Florida’s decision to treat T.M.H. differently from a commissioning couple cannot be deemed a denial of equal protection.
Furthermore, as Judge Lawson aptly noted,
the statute in question here is not directed just at men or women, heterosexuals or homosexuals, or any other narrow class. It places broad limits on the right of all citizens to make a parentage claim after donating genetic material to another. And . . . the statute does not bar [T.M.H.] (or any women, irrespective of sexual preference) from using assisted reproductive technology to conceive, bear and give birth to a child of her own, using her own body. This appears, at least on its face, to be a rational way to address this difficult social policy issue, irrespective of whether it reflects a policy choice that the majority or I would prefer.
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 823 (Lawson, J., dissenting). Simply put, T.M.H. did not have to choose this way. The statute does not prohibit T.M.H. from engaging in any sexual activity, using assisted reproductive technology to pass along her genes to a child gestated by another, or parenting a child that she personally gave birth to or legally adopted. The statute does not stand in the way of T.M.H. having children.
VII. Conclusion
As explained above, T.M.H. contractually waived all of her rights and claims to any resulting child at the time of her egg donation. Furthermore, the plain language of Florida’s assisted reproductive technology statute provides that T.M.H. has no parental rights or obligations with respect to the child born to D.M.T. And, contrary to the majority’s decision otherwise, Florida’s assisted reproductive technology statute does not violate T.M.H.’s rights to due process, privacy, and equal protection under the United States and Florida Constitutions.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent. (LEWIS and CANADY, JJ., concur.)
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1The following organizations filed amicus curiae briefs, all in support of T.M.H.: the American Academy of Assisted Reproductive Technology Attorneys; the University of Florida Levin College of Law Center on Children and Families, University of Miami School of Law Children and Youth Law Clinic, Nova Southeastern University Law Center Children and Families Clinic, and Barry University School of Law Children and Families Clinic; the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union of Florida, and Lambda Legal; and the National Association of Social Workers and National Association of Social Workers, Florida Chapter.
2The question certified by the Fifth District as one of great public importance was as follows:
DOES APPLICATION OF SECTION 742.14 TO DEPRIVE PARENTAL RIGHTS TO A LESBIAN WOMAN WHO PROVIDED HER OVA TO HER LESBIAN PARTNER SO BOTH WOMEN COULD HAVE A CHILD TO RAISE TOGETHER AS EQUAL PARENTAL PARTNERS AND WHO DID PARENT THE CHILD FOR SEVERAL YEARS AFTER ITS BIRTH RENDER THE STATUTE UNCONSTITUTIONAL UNDER THE EQUAL PROTECTION AND PRIVACY CLAUSES OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS?
T.M.H., 79 So. 3d at 803.
3The dissent criticizes our use of the term “biological mother,” contending that the term is confusing because it ignores the birth mother’s biological relation to the child. We use the term “biological mother,” which was used by the Fifth District majority, because the term serves to distinguish the undeniable facts of this case from one where an individual provides genetic material for use in assisted reproductive technology without any intention of parenting the child.
4Although the dissent asserts that the constitutional claims were not preserved by T.M.H., we agree with the Fifth District majority that the constitutional claims were raised in the trial court, and certainly, by being raised and the focus of the Fifth District’s opinion, the constitutional claims are properly before this Court for review.
5Both the Fifth District majority opinion, authored by Judge Sawaya and joined by Judge Monaco, and Judge Monaco’s concurring opinion, in which Judge Sawaya also concurred, adopted this approach. Since both opinions had a majority, the views expressed in each represent the holdings of the Fifth District in this case.
6These statutory provisions have remained unchanged since first adopted in 1993.
7Although the dissent raises the spectre of unintended results of our decision by listing a series of different scenarios, see dissenting op. at 68, we have confidence that courts can, will, and must adjust to the “ever-continuing development of artificial reproductive technologies” and judge each case based on the specific factual situation presented. In re Roberto d.B., 923 A.2d 115, 117 (Md. 2007). As the American Academy of Assisted Reproductive Technology Attorneys has pointed out in an amicus curiae brief filed on behalf of T.M.H. in this case, the number of children born through assisted reproductive technology “has increased dramatically” over the past few decades. Technological advances in science and medicine “that permit in vitro fertilization and egg harvesting . . . help intended parents who are otherwise unable to have children of their own create a family” and are used by “opposite-sex married couples . . . , same-sex couples, unmarried heterosexual couples, and single individuals who seek the opportunity to become parents.” Undoubtedly, the “law is being tested as . . . new techniques [of assisted reproduction] become more commonplace and accepted,” In re Roberto d.B., 923 A.2d at 117, but courts must ensure that the constitutional rights of those individuals who intended to be parents to the child are protected.
8The opposite argument has in fact been advanced by the amici for the University of Florida Levin College of Law Center on Children and Families, University of Miami School of Law Children and Youth Law Clinic, Nova Southeastern University Law Center Children and Families Clinic, and Barry University School of Law Children and Families Clinic, as well as the National Association of Social Workers and National Association of Social Workers, Florida Chapter. These amici have observed that peer-reviewed social science research demonstrates the developmental and psychological importance for children in maintaining a relationship with both of their parents when those parents become separated. See, e.g., Joseph S. Jackson & Lauren G. Fasig, The Parentless Child’s Right to a Permanent Family, 46 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1, 27-28 (2011); James G. Byrne, et al., The Contribution of Attachment Theory to Child Custody Assessments, 46 J. of Child Psychol. & Psychiatry 115, 118 (2005); Frank J. Dyer,Termination of Parental Rights in Light of Attachment Theory, 10 Psychol. Pub. Pol’y & L. 5, 11 (2004); see also Nat’l Scientific Council on the Developing Child Working Paper 1, Young Children Develop in an Environment of Relationships 1-2 (2004); Am. Acad. of Pediatrics: Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, & Dependent Care, Developmental Issues for Young Children in Foster Care, 106 Pediatrics 1145, 1146 (2000).
9There is no dispute that the sperm donor in this case has relinquished any interest he has in the child. The statute clearly applies to him. Therefore, if T.M.H. is denied parental rights, this child will have only one legal parent.
10Florida’s constitutional definition of marriage remains valid. It and this case are not affected by the United States Supreme Court’s recent decisions in United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675, 2693 (2013) (holding that the provision of the Defense of Marriage Act that defines marriage for federal law purposes “violates basic due process and equal protection principles” as it deviates “from the usual tradition of recognizing and accepting state definitions of marriage”), and Hollingsworth v. Perry, 133 S. Ct. 2652, 2659 (2013) (holding that the proponents of California’s constitutional provision defining marriage did not have standing to appeal district court’s order declaring that definition unconstitutional).
11Snyder, 291 U.S. at 105.
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