Abbey Adams Logo

Defending Liability, Workers' Compensation, Employment Claims and Appeals Since 1982

  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

  • Bloglovin
  • Facebook
  • LinkedIn
  • Phone
  • Home
  • Locations
    • Where We Practice in Florida
    • Where We Practice In Illinois
  • Practices
  • Attorneys
    • David J. Abbey
    • Jeffrey M. Adams
    • Bruce D. Burk
    • Robert P. Byelick
    • Jaime Eagan
    • Jennifer J. Kennedy
    • John D. Kiernan (1947-2016)
    • V. Joseph Mueller
    • Alexis C. Upton
  • Blog
  • Links
  • Contact Us

May 17, 2018 by Jennifer Kennedy

Torts — Indemnity — Action by plaintiff who was injured when she became entrapped in an elevator in office building against building owner and elevator maintenance company, with building owner filing cross-claim against elevator maintenance company for contractual and common law indemnity — Trial court erred in finding that building owner abandoned its cross-claim by failing to amend it after plaintiff amended complaint to inject new issues of non-delegable duty and negligent response — Building owner’s secret settlement agreement with plaintiff was not a prohibited Mary Carter agreement where payment of settlement was made during damages phase of case after liability had been established during liability phase of bifurcated trial, so that there was no incentive to decrease building owner’s liability or increase maintenance company’s liability, and trial court erred in denying indemnity on basis that agreement was a prohibited Mary Carter agreement — Trial court’s determination that building owner could not seek indemnity because its settlement with plaintiff was voluntary was premature — Remand for further proceedings on cross-claim for indemnity

43 Fla. L. Weekly D1103a

Torts — Indemnity — Action by plaintiff who was injured when she became entrapped in an elevator in office building against building owner and elevator maintenance company, with building owner filing cross-claim against elevator maintenance company for contractual and common law indemnity — Trial court erred in finding that building owner abandoned its cross-claim by failing to amend it after plaintiff amended complaint to inject new issues of non-delegable duty and negligent response — Building owner’s secret settlement agreement with plaintiff was not a prohibited Mary Carter agreement where payment of settlement was made during damages phase of case after liability had been established during liability phase of bifurcated trial, so that there was no incentive to decrease building owner’s liability or increase maintenance company’s liability, and trial court erred in denying indemnity on basis that agreement was a prohibited Mary Carter agreement — Trial court’s determination that building owner could not seek indemnity because its settlement with plaintiff was voluntary was premature — Remand for further proceedings on cross-claim for indemnity

HIGHWOODS PROPERTIES, INC., Appellant, v. MILLAR ELEVATOR SERVICE COMPANY and SCHINDLER ELEVATOR COMPANY, Appellees. 1st District. Case No. 1D16-5675. May 16, 2018. On appeal from the Circuit Court for Duval County. Karen Cole, Judge. Counsel: Richard A. Sherman, Sr., and James W. Sherman of Law Offices of Richard A. Sherman, P.A., Fort Lauderdale; Dennis R. Schutt and Jeffrey Devonchik of Schutt, Schmidt & Noey, Jacksonville, for Appellant. Jay C. Howell of Jay Howell & Associates, Jacksonville; Stuart Aaron Weinstein, Richard S. Weinstein, and Richard P. Hermann, II, of Shapiro, Blasi, Wasserman & Hermann, P.A., Boca Raton; Bradley J. Edwards of Farmer Jaffe Weissing Edwards Fistos & Lehrman, P.L., Fort Lauderdale; H. Christopher Bartolomucci of Kirkland & Ellis, Washington, D.C., for Appellees.

(ROBERTS, J.) Highwoods Properties Incorporated (Highwoods) appeals a final order denying its motion for final judgment for indemnity against Schindler Elevator Company (Schindler). For the reasons discussed herein, we find Highwoods was not precluded from seeking indemnity in this action, but remand for further litigation on the merits of the indemnity claims. We affirm the final order in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.1

Factual Background
In 1997, Highwoods entered into an elevator service contract with Schindler’s predecessor in interest, Millar Elevator Service Company.2 Under the terms of the service contract, Schindler was responsible for maintenance and repair of elevators in a Jacksonville office building owned by Highwoods, which included response to elevator entrapments. The service contract also included a reciprocal indemnity provision.

In 1999, Janice Beasley was entrapped and injured in an elevator in the subject office building. She and her husband, Stephen Beasley, filed suit against Highwoods and Schindler alleging Highwoods breached a common law duty to use reasonable care in the inspection and maintenance of the elevator, and Schindler negligently failed to perform its duty, per the service contract, to inspect and maintain the elevator. Counsel for Highwoods asked Schindler to assume the defense of the entire case per the service contract, but Schindler declined the request. Highwoods then filed a cross-claim against Schindler for common law and contractual indemnity that alleged Highwoods was entirely without fault, that the plaintiffs’ damages were solely and proximately caused by Schindler, and that any liability on Highwoods’s part would be “vicarious, constructive, derivative, and technical in nature.”

Some years later, the plaintiffs amended the complaint to include a claim that Highwoods had a non-delegable duty under chapter 399, Florida Statutes, to ensure the safe operation and proper maintenance of the elevator. The amended complaint also alleged Highwoods and Schindler failed to reasonably respond to the elevator malfunction. Highwoods did not seek to amend its cross-claim in response to the amended complaint.

The case proceeded to a jury trial that was bifurcated into two phases: liability and damages. On liability, the jury determined that neither Highwoods nor Schindler was negligent in the inspection, maintenance, service, or repair of the elevator. The jury found Highwoods and Schindler were each fifty percent negligent in their response to the elevator malfunction. Highwoods later successfully moved for a directed verdict on liability. The order granting the motion for directed verdict found no evidence that Highwoods’s active negligence was a legal cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, but concluded Highwoods had a non-delegable duty to the plaintiff regarding the safe operation and proper maintenance of the elevator in question.

The case proceeded to a jury trial on phase two for causation and damages. During the phase two trial, Highwoods and the plaintiffs reached a secret settlement agreement that Highwoods characterizes as a “high-low” agreement between $490,000 and $510,000.3 Highwoods remained in the trial, but did not appear on the verdict form. Highwoods’s settlement agreement with the plaintiffs was not disclosed to the jury and was not disclosed to Schindler and the trial court until later. While the jury was deliberating, Schindler and the plaintiffs reached a settlement, which was disclosed to the court. The jury returned a verdict for $13,000,000, which was in excess of Schindler’s settlement amount. The plaintiffs eventually dismissed the action against both parties.

Highwoods Granted Summary Judgment on Indemnity
Highwoods moved for summary judgment against Schindler, seeking common law and contractual indemnity for its $510,000 payment to the plaintiffs. A new judge entered summary judgment in favor of Highwoods on both claims. The order found the juries’ determinations that Schindler was negligent and was the legal cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries coupled with the court’s previous determination that Highwoods remained vicariously liable to the plaintiff by operation of its non-delegable duty under section 399.02(5)(b), Florida Statutes, satisfied the requirements for Highwoods to be indemnified under the clear and unambiguous indemnity provision of the contract. The order also found no genuine issue of material fact with regard to common law indemnity. The order found Highwoods had established it remained liable to the plaintiff and had remained a party defendant with exposure based upon its non-delegable duty for Schindler’s negligence. The order required Schindler to reimburse Highwoods’s $510,000 payment to the plaintiffs as well as Highwoods’s attorney’s fees and costs. Schindler unsuccessfully sought reconsideration of the summary judgment order.

Highwoods Denied Final Judgment on Indemnity
Highwoods next moved for entry of a final judgment on indemnity. A new judge denied the motion for four reasons: (1) Highwoods’s cross-claim for indemnity was never updated after the amended complaint and should be deemed abandoned; (2) Highwoods’s payment to the plaintiffs was made without legal obligation and was voluntary, which obviated any right to indemnity from Schindler; (3) Highwoods’s settlement payment to the plaintiffs was void and could not provide a basis for indemnification because it was a prohibited Mary Carter agreement; and (4) even if indemnity was permissible, the summary judgment order could not stand because Schindler had no opportunity to argue the voluntary nature of Highwoods’s settlement, no opportunity to challenge the reasonableness and necessity of the settlement, and no opportunity to assess the reasonableness and necessity of Highwoods’s attorney’s fees and costs. The final order denied the motion for entry of final judgment on the indemnity claims and vacated the orders on summary judgment without prejudice to Highwoods’s right to file a separate indemnity action against Schindler.

We conclude that the final order on appeal prematurely decided the issue of voluntariness in point (2), but agree with the portion of the final order vacating summary judgment for the reasons discussed in point (4) of the final order. We reverse points (1) and (3) of the final order, which means that Highwoods’s cross-claim for indemnity survives in this action. We remand to allow Highwoods to pursue a full trial on indemnity in this action.

The Final Order Erred in Determining Highwoods’s
Cross-Claim for Indemnity Was Abandoned
In point (1) of the final order, the trial court determined Highwoods had abandoned its cross-claim by failing to amend it after the plaintiffs amended their complaint to inject new issues of non-delegable duty and negligent response. We disagree and find that the cross-claim withstood the amendment of the complaint and should not have been deemed abandoned in this action. Highwoods was under no obligation to amend its cross-claim in response to the amended complaint. The cross-claim for indemnity was not “locked in” by the allegations in the original complaint and stood over after the complaint was amended. See Mortg. Guarantee Ins. Corp. v. Stewart, 427 So. 2d 776, 780 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (“[T]he law has always permitted a person to bring an indemnity claim quite apart from the characterization of his conduct in the original complaint filed by the injured party.”); Rea v. Barton Protective Servs., Inc., 660 So. 2d 772, 773 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (recognizing the indemnity cross-claim was not bound by the allegations of the original complaint and its characterization of conduct).

Highwoods’s cross-claim asserted claims for common law and contractual indemnity. The cross-claim also asserted that the plaintiffs’ damages were solely and proximately caused by Schindler, that Highwoods was entirely without fault, and that any liability on Highwoods’s part would be “vicarious, constructive, derivative, and technical in nature.” This language was also sufficient to place Schindler on notice of a claim for indemnity based upon a breach of a non-delegable duty. See Houdaille Indus., Inc. v. Edwards, 374 So. 2d 490, 493 (Fla. 1979) (“[Indemnity] shifts the entire loss from one who, although without active negligence or fault, has been obligated to pay, because of some vicarious constructive, derivative, or technical liability, to another who should bear the costs because it was the latter’s wrongdoing for which the former is held liable.”); Stewart, 427 So. 2d at 779 (recognizing a defendant, who is not personally liable but has a non-delegable duty, may assert a claim for indemnity against an independent contractor hired to discharge the non-delegable duty). We reverse the portion of the final order deeming the cross-claim abandoned in this action. Highwoods’s cross-claim for contractual and common law indemnity withstood the amended complaint and remains viable in this action if Highwoods wishes to pursue it on remand.

The Final Order Erred in Concluding Highwoods’s
Settlement was a Prohibited Mary Carter Agreement
In point (3), the trial court denied indemnification on the finding Highwoods’s $510,000 payment was a prohibited Mary Carter agreement that unfairly prejudiced Schindler. We disagree.

A Mary Carter style agreement is one in which a defendant in a multi-defendant case secretly agrees with the plaintiff to work together to the detriment of the other defendant. Panama City-Bay Cty. Airport & Indus. Dist. v. Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc., 140 So. 3d 1112, 1116 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (citing Dosdourian v. Carsten, 624 So. 2d 241, 243 (Fla. 1993)). In Frier’s, Inc. v. Seaboard Coastline Railroad Company, 355 So. 2d 208, 210 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978), this Court recognized the following hallmarks of a typical Mary Carter agreement:

(a) secrecy;

(b) the agreeing defendants remain as party defendants in the lawsuit;

(c) the agreeing defendants’ liability is decreased in direct proportion to the nonagreeing defendants’ increase in liability;

(d) the agreeing defendant guarantees the plaintiff a certain amount of money if plaintiff does not receive a judgment against any of the defendants or if the judgment is less than a specified sum.

Mary Carter style agreements are not allowed in Florida because they are antithetical to the trial process, create a charade of adversity, and prejudice the non-settling defendant. Dosdourian, 624 So. 2d at 245-46.

Here, Highwoods’s $510,000 payment was done in secret and was dependent on the jury’s verdict. However, the payment was made during the damages phase of the case, well after liability had already been determined in phase one. Thus, there was no incentive to decrease Highwoods’s liability or increase Schindler’s liability because liability had already been determined. The settlement agreement lacked two key features of a Mary Carter agreement: Highwoods elected to remain in the case, but was not required to do so, and Highwoods could not and did not inflict any harm upon Schindler by remaining in the case. Highwoods had a legitimate reason to stay in the case based on the previous court rulings on its non-delegable duty and on summary judgment. The settlement here does not raise red flags of deceit, collusion, or fraud that were of concern in Dosdourian. Because the settlement is not a prohibited Mary Carter agreement, indemnification was improperly denied for this reason. We reverse the portion of the final order denying indemnification on the finding that the settlement was a prohibited Mary Carter agreement.

The Final Order Erred in Finding Highwoods’s
Settlement was Voluntary
In point (2) of the final order, the trial court held Highwoods could not seek indemnification from Schindler for its voluntary $510,000 payment, which was made without any legal obligation to pay. See Arison v. Cobb Partners, Ltd., 807 So. 2d 101, 106 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012). We reject this conclusion as premature at this juncture. First, it contradicts the reasoning in point (4) of the final order in which the trial court found the summary judgment order was improperly entered where Schindler had no opportunity to argue the voluntariness of the $510,000 payment. Second, the previous rulings regarding Highwoods’s non-delegable duty in the case created enough of an uncertainty to justify Highwoods’s decision to remain in the case and to protect itself against potential liability. Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. v. Paul N. Howard Co., 853 So. 2d 1073, 1079 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (holding a party seeking indemnification must establish that the settlement was made based on its potential liability to the plaintiff, which is required because the indemnitee cannot be a mere volunteer who settled without obligation to do so). We reverse point (2) to the extent the trial court determined the payment was voluntary. The parties will have the opportunity to re-litigate this issue on remand.

Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the portions of the final order that vacated the summary judgment orders. We reverse the trial court’s decision to deny the motion for entry of final judgment of indemnity in this action. Highwoods’s cross-claim remains viable in this action should Highwoods wish to pursue indemnification on remand. (KELSEY and M.K. THOMAS, JJ., concur.)

__________________

1Our opinion addresses Issues II-VI of Highwoods’s amended initial brief. Issue I is affirmed without comment.

2The parties do not dispute that Schindler was obligated to honor the service contract after merging with Millar. The two companies will be referred to collectively as Schindler for ease of reference.

3Under the terms of the agreement, if the total damages were less than $490,000, Highwoods would pay $490,000. If the total damages were between $490,000 and $510,000, Highwoods would pay the damage amount. If the total damages exceeded $510,000, Highwoods would pay $510,000.

* * *

Filed Under: Uncategorized

Primary Sidebar

Recent Posts

  • Insurance — Commercial property — Coverage — Business losses — Business interruption — All-risk commercial policy providing coverage for “direct physical loss of or damage to” property or “direct physical loss or damage to” property does not insure against losses and expenses incurred by business as result of COVID-19 — Under Florida law there is no coverage because COVID-19 did not cause tangible alteration of the insured properties
  • Insurance — Commercial property — Coverage — Business income losses — Trial court’s finding that policy covering loss of business income due to the suspension of operations caused by “direct physical loss or damage to property” required some tangible alteration to insured property comported with common meaning of its terms and context of policy as a whole — Policy did not cover economic losses insured suffered when it suspended its operations due to COVID-19 pandemic — No error in dismissing with prejudice insured’s petition for declaratory relief and damages
  • Torts — Negligent security — Sovereign immunity — Agency — Limited immunity — Punitive damages — Amendment of complaint — Action brought against company which contracted with county to provide security services and its employee — Defendant company was entitled to limited sovereign immunity under 768.28(5) where county asserted a degree of control over defendant’s employees — Fact that defendant’s employee was working alone rather than side-by-side with county employees did not change level of control county had over defendant employee as evidenced by contract between county and defendant — Absolute immunity under section 768.28(9) applied to defendant employee, but did not apply to defendant company because it is a corporation — No abuse of discretion in denying plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend complaint to add count for punitive damages where record is devoid of evidence that defendant employee engaged in intentional misconduct or gross negligence
  • Insurance — Attorney’s fees — Assignee’s action against insurer to recover payment for construction work performed on insured property following hurricane damage — Court adopts magistrate’s report and recommendation concluding that Section 627.7152(10), Florida Statutes, which repeals assignee’s standing to recover attorney’s fees under section 627.428, does not apply in instant case where both issuance of policy and assignment agreement predated effective date of statute — Whether relevant date for purposes of applying statute is date policy was issued or date assignment agreement was entered into need not be resolved under circumstances — Motion to strike plaintiff’s claims for attorney’s fees is denied
  • Torts — Dog bite — Negligence — Sheriffs — Sovereign immunity — Action alleging deputy sheriff was negligent in handling K-9 that bit plaintiff while attending a public event — Trial court erred in dismissing complaint against sheriff on ground that action was barred by sovereign immunity — Although a plaintiff may not rely on section 767.04 when suing a state agency for a dog bite because it is a strict liability statute, a plaintiff may bring such a suit in common-law negligence — Complaint adequately stated a cause of action for negligence under common law principles — Court rejects argument that plaintiff placed himself in zone of risk by approaching area occupied by deputy and police dog, and that because deputy did not move in proximity to plaintiff there was no zone of risk created by conduct of deputy — Deputy created the zone of risk by patrolling the venue with his K-9 — Whether the deputy was walking around or standing still was irrelevant — Because plaintiff was in a public location he had the right to walk where he wanted, including right up to the deputy, and, unless warned by the deputy to move away, plaintiff had a reasonable expectation that the dog would not bite him — Lawsuit was not barred by sovereign immunity where, although the decision to patrol the public venue with K-9s may have been a discretionary function, the act of patrolling the venue with K-9s was operational

Blog Archives

Footer

The materials available at this website are for informational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice. You should contact your attorney to obtain advice with respect to any particular issue or problem. Use of and access to this Website or any of the e-mail links contained within the site do not create an attorney-client relationship between Abbey, Adams, Byelick & Mueller, L.L.P. and the user or browser. The opinions expressed at or through this site are the opinions of the individual author and may not reflect the opinions of the firm or any individual attorney. opens in a new windowAbbey, Adams, Byelick, & Mueller XML Sitemap Index

Copyright © 2022 · Abbey Adams Byelick & Mueller, LLP · All Rights Reserved · Defending Liability, Workers' Compensation, Employment Claims and Appeals Since 1982